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FROM THE GIFT OF 

WILLIAM ENDICOTT, Jr. 

(Class of Z887) 
OF BOSTON 



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«>w>^-wMiv«^M«p«9MBwaw«anviB^^w>^^paMViB^II 



OUEE TOUNIS COLLEDGE 



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OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE 



SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF THE 
OLD COLLEGE OF EDINBTJRGH 



WITH AN 



APPENDIX OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 



BY 



JOHN HAEEISON 



WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 

EDINBURGH AND LONDON 

MDCCCLXXXIV 



ill m^i.*~ _...».. 



Ea*-^-'5_-i V'^ > c • I c , ^ 



^ 



JUL 221919 



TO 



MY FATHER 



WITH MUCH LOVE AND RESPECT 



I DO not intend to apologise for these sketches, although 
conscious that they are full of imperfections, because 
I have been trained to hold that a citizen of Edin- 
burgh is bound to do his best — whatever that best may 
be — to uphold the honour of his "own romantic town." 
My desire is rather to return thanks to the Pro- 
prietors of the 'Scotsman' for giving these sketches 
wide publicity through their newspaper, and for the 
permission readily granted me, of republishing them 
in the form which they now take. 

My thanks are also most heartily rendered to Mr 
Robert Adam, City Chamberlain, for much cordial co- 
operation and valuable help ; to Mr Alexander Harris, 
Deputy Town-Olerk, for assistance in investigating the 
Minutes of Council ; and to another friend, like myself 
a lover of Edinburgh and of "Edinburgh books," for 
the use of his valuable library. 

J. H. 

7 Greenhill Place, 
Edinburgh, VJth April 1884. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

I. THE town's desire FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, . 1 

II. EDINBURGH IN 1583, 38 

III. THE COLLEGE AS OPENED, AND DURING THE 

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, . . . .50 

IV. THE RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL, . . 77 

v. THE BRILLIANT PERIOD UNDER PRINCIPAL 

ROBERTSON, 103 

VI. EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME, . . .125 

APPENDIX — 

I. EXTRACTS FROM THE RECORDS OF THE 

BURGH OF EDINBURGH, . . .149 

II. EXTRACTS FROM THE REGISTER OF THE 

PRIVY COUNCIL OF SCOTLAND, . .161 



OTIKE TOUNIS COLLEDGK 



CHAPTEE I. 

THE town's desire FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 

The publications of the Scottish Burgh Becords 

Society afford to lovers of Scottish history many 

curious glimpses into the old life of our towns 

during the middle ages ; and to Edinburgh men 

these books, containing the minutes of the Town 

Council, oflfer, besides the graphic picture of the town 

during the Eeformation period, the story of the 

long " travail " of their town, in the production of 

the College of which the city is so justly proud. 

The story may be read with pride, not only by our 

townsmen, but by Scotsmen all over the world. 

A 



2 OUBE TOUKIS OOLLEDGE. 

The ciutain rises on the Town Council of Edin- 
bmgh, assembled, on the 1st August 1560, to 
consider, as their successors do nnto this day, 
the Acts to be laid before the Parliament about 
to meet The laws which thus Parliament passed 
have deeply affected Scottish history and Scottish 
character during these succeeding centuries ; for by 
them the old Church was disestablished, and the 
Presbyterian system set up in its stead. During the 
preceding winter, a savage civil war between Protest- 
ant and Catholic had raged throughout the south of 
Scotland. The young Queen Mary was in France ; 
but her mother, Mary of Guise, who ably carried on 
the struggle in her name, had obtained the assistance 
of a considerable number of French troops, against 
whose discipline the Lords of the Congregation, led 
by the Duke of Chatelheraultand Lord James Stuart, 
had difficulty in making head. In their extremity, 
acting very much on the advice of John Knox, they 
bethought them of seeking assistance from England ; 
and after long negotiation, an English army, under 
Lord Grey de Wilton, crossed the Border early in 
April 1560, joined the forces of the Protestant Lords, 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 3 

drove the French troops into Leith, and, after a siege 
of over two months, compelled the little French army 
to surrender. The Protestant Lords were now su- 
preme, and the death of the Queen-mother about the 
same time left them in reaHty the only constituted 
power in the country. 

While the siege of Leith was still going on, the 
Protestant party proceeded to draw up a constitu- 
tion for a Eeformed Church in Scotland ; and on 
the 29th April, as John Knox tells us in his preface 
to ' The Book of Discipline,' ^ which he inserts in his 
History, they instructed the clergy who were as- 
sembled in Edinburgh to commit to writing "oure 
jugements tuiching the Eeformations of Eeligioun." 
This remarkable document, ' The Book of Discipline,' 
first of all lays down a constitution for the Church, 
and then sketches, in great detail, a scheme for edu- 
cation in Scotland, after the realisation of which the 
Scottish mind has been straining ever since. The 
educational system was to rest on a school attached 
to every church; then a College in every "notable 

^ Knox's History of the Reformation (Laing's edition of his 
works), vol. ii. p. 183. 



4 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

toun"; and lastly, the three Universities of St 
Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, which were to be 
reordered and strengthened with the funds which 
the Church lands were in abundance to produce. 

It was this veiy noble scheme which the Town 
Council met to consider on the 1st August 1560: 
"The Provost, Bailies, Council, and Deacons fore- 
said, after the reading of the articles to be given in 
in this present Parliament concerning the mainten- 
ance of the liberty of merchants and craftsmen, and 
siclyke, concerning the reformation and reparation of 
the kirks, edifdng of Hospitals^ Universities, Colleges^ 
and Schools, and all such other things," approve the 
same, and "ordainit Archibald Douglas of Kiri- 
spindie. Provost; James Barronn, Maister Eichert 
Strang, and David Forster, their Commissaris in this 
Parliament." ^ 

* The Book of Discipline,' it need scarcely be said, 
never became the law of Scotland. The Lords tem- 
poral and spiritual, who had already taken posses- 
sion of the Church lands, knew a much better use to 

^ We print in the Appendix the most important of the Town 
Council minutes regarding the CoUege. 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 5 

put them to than the " edif eing " of Universities and 
schools; and so the upper Estates gave the re- 
forming clergy their own way in spiritual matters, 
and passed laws forbidding the Eoman Catholic 
worship, and establishing a form moulded on the 
Church of Geneva ; but they in all loving-kindness 
saved religion and learning from the fearful tempta- 
tion to sloth which large endowments might have 
proved, by keeping possession of the greater portion 
of the broad acres which the old Church had held in 
Scotland. The action of the Parliament of 1560 
with regard to 'The Book of Discipline' is related 
in a letter of Eandolph, the English Ambassador, 
to Sir William Cecil, who had only recently left 
Scotland, after arranging the treaty of Leith.^ 

The resolution of the Town Council on the 1st 
August 1560 shows the craving for improved educa- 
tion, which undoubtedly animated the people of the 
capital, as well, we believe, as the inhabitants of 
most of the other towns of Scotland; for it was 
among the burgh populations that the Eeformed 
doctrines had taken firmest root, both in England 

^ Knox's History, vol. vi. p. 119. 



6 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

and in Scotland. Besides, when considering the 
Edinburgh of this time, we must keep in mind 
that there was in the town a great moral force, 
which was able to hold its own against Queen and 
nobles — the enormous personal influence of John 
Knox. He was appointed minister of the High 
Kirk in 1560, and, for the twelve years until his 
death, he seems to have been the revered guide of 
the Town Council. John Knox's opinions regarding 
the disposal of the Church lands are fully em- 
bodied in 'The Book of Discipline,' which became 
the accepted declaration of the Protestant party 
early in 1561, when it was signed by the leaders.^ 
The city of Edinburgh was, during the latter half of 
the sixteenth century, the stronghold of Presbyterian- 
ism ; and the citizens were sure to try to carry out the 
ideas of the Eeformed leaders regarding education. 

On the 23d April 1561, the Town Council pro- 
ceeded to minute their opinion that the "rents, 
annuals, and other emoluments" within the burgh, 
which had before maintained "papists, priests, 
friars, monks, nuns, and others of that wicked 

^ Knox's History, vol. ii. p. 267. 



J 



DESIRB FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 7 

sort," should be applied "for the sustaining of the 
true ministry of God's Word, founding and building 
of hospitals for the poor, and colleges for learning 
and upbringing of the youth." ^ The young Queen 
landed at Leith on the 19th August, and took the 
government into her hands, retaining as her chief 
adviser her half-brother. Lord James Stuart, after- 
wards the celebrated Earl of Murray. It was 
through him, therefore, as the recognised chief of the 
Protestant party, that the Town Council made the 
attempt to obtain the Queen's permission to enable 
them to carry out their educational and charitable 
ideas. On the 8th April 1562, the " Town Council 
request the Lord James to use his influence to have 
the Grammar School [the High School of Edin- 
burgh] reformed ; and to obtain for the town a grant 
from the Church lands within the walls for the 
support of the regent of a college to be built within 
the burgh, and for the building of hospitals." Fol- 
lowing this up, the Council, on the 17th August of 

^ David Laing refers to this minute in his Registrum Domus de 
Soltre (p. 37), and directly connects " Knox and his friends " with 
the Town CounciVs action. 



8 OUKE TOUNIS GOLLEDGE. 

the same year, laid their scheme for the disposal of 
the Church lands in detail before the Queen, carry- 
ing out in this the spirit of ' The Book of Discipline.' 
It may here be explained that the slope between 
the valley of the Cowgate and the Town Wall, 
which followed the line of Lauriston and Lothian 
Street, was occupied by three ecclesiastical establish- 
ments : on the east, where the Old High School now 
stands, the monastery of the Blackfriars ; proceeding 
westward, on the site of the present University, the 
Collegiate Church of Our Lady in the Fields ; and, 
still further west, the monastery of the Greyfriars. 
The petition to her "Quenys Majestic " is well 
worth perusal; but we need only say that it dis- 
posed of these Church lands by asking the Grey- 
friars for "a kirkyard" for the town — ^the Kirk of 
Field for a college, or, as it is called, a "scule" — 
and the Blackfriars as the site for a hospital for 
the poor. The Queen replied to their prayer by 
granting the Greyfriars, and by promising that, as 
soon as sufl&cient provision was made for building 
the hospital and school, she would see that sites and 
endowments were provided. 



DESIRB FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 9 

The Town Council seems at once to have set to 
work to perform the duty imposed on it by the 
Queen. As far as the Blackfriars site was concerned, 
it succeeded in the course of a few years; but 
its intention with regard to its disposal was altered 
by the gift from the Crown, through the Provost, Sir 
Symon Prestoun of Craigmillar, of Trinity Church 
and Hospital, in November 1567, when it was re- 
solved to build the Hospital on the ground of that 
ancient religious establishment at the foot of Leith 
Wynd, and to use the Blackfriaw site for a new 
High School The three religious houses on the 
south side of Edinburgh seem all to have suflFered 
very severely during those two barbarous campaigns 
of the English army in 1544 and 1545, when the 
noblest of our abbeys — Melrose, Kelso, Dryburgh, 
Eoslin, Coldingham, and others — were burned or 
battered to pieces. The Blackfriars and Greyfriars 
monasteries seem not to have been restored after 
their destruction by the English, so that it was com- 
paratively easy for the Town Council to obtain pos- 
session of the ruins; but the case was altogether 
diflferent with the Kirk of Field. Here the church 



10 OCBE TOCNIS COLLEDGE. 

had been burned and not rebuilt ; but the square of 
monastic bnildings had either escaped destruction, or 
been rebuilt between 1545 and 1562, and the pos- 
sessors of these had to be bought out by the Town 
Council. 

At the Befonnation, the possessors ot the religi- 
ous booses were in many cases hferented in their 
dwellings, — for instance, John Kaox himself was 
settled in a house at the Netherbow, rented for 
^'"1 by the Town Council, because the " Cathedral 
Close of St Giles " was retained by its old priestly 
inhabitants. There was, therefore, a Provost of the 
Kirk of Field to be negotiated with regarding his 
liferent. But the case was more complicated than 
this ; for these liferenters in many cases took advan- 
tage of their position to alienate the Church lands. 
We hear ail through these years constant com- 
plaints against the possessors of the great Abbeys, 
and other rich benefices, for selling or granting long 
leases of the Church lands. This was the case with 
the Kirk of Field ; for some years before this date, in 
1554, the Provost of the Kii-k had granted in feu to 
the Hamilton family, for a town house, the old Hos- 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION 11 

pital attached to the Eark of Field, which was in 
ruins, and which the poverty of the Kirk prevented 
it rebuilding.^ Here, then, was work for the Town 
Council to do. On the 5th March 1563, the Coun- 
cil appoint a small committee to negotiate with John 
Pennycuke, the Provost of the Kirk of Field, for the 
purchase of the whole buildings and lands pertain- 
ing thereto ; and by the 21st June an agreement is 
reported, by which the Town Council pay £1000 
(Scots, of course) for the Kirk of Field, on condition 
that Pennycuke obtains a ratification of the sale from 
the Queen, and from the Commendator of Holyrood, 
Lord Eobert Stuart, who must have had from his 
ofl&ce some superiority over the establishment. 
Three months after, the legal assessors for the town 
are instructed to examine Pennycuke's titles: but 
the matter is not instantly concluded; for we find, 
on 9th August 1564, that it is reported that Penny- 
cuke is pulling down the stonework of the Kirk, 
intending to sell it. The Council then order the 
arrangement with him to be instantly seen to ; and 
on the 25th of the same month the agreement re- 

^ Registrum Domus de Soltre, p. 37. 



12 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

garding the purchase of the site is passed by the 
Council, and the money ordered to be paid. 

Here our story ends in the meanwhile. Whether 
Pennycuke got his thousand pounds or not, we can- 
not tell; and the reason for the non-fulfilment of 
the Queen's promise to endow and found a hospi- 
tal and school we can but guess at. Certain it is, 
however, that in this winter of 1564-65, the Queen 
began to show very strong reactionary tendencies 
toward the old faith, which were strengthened in 
the spring of 1565 by her marriage with Damley.^ 
Further, we know that at this time the Queen dealt 
very hardly with the town of Edinburgh. In August 
1565, the Provost was deposed by her mandate, and 
her personal follower. Sir Symon Prestoun of Craig- 
millar, who had been with the Queen in France, 
was appointed in his stead. At the same time, John 
Knox was deposed from his charge; and a few 
months after — in April 1566 — the Town Clerk, 
Alexander Guthrie, who seems to have been a 
stout Presbyterian, was outlawed ; ^ and a new Clerk, 

^ Burton's History of Scotland, chap, xlii 
^ Maitland's History of Edinburgh, p. 27. 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 13 

David Chalmers — who was afterwards accused of 
being a party to Damley's murder — was appointed 
by royal decree. Besides, the town finances were 
heavily taxed; for not only had the town to find 
money for a loan of 10,000 merks, in return for 
which the superiority of Leith was granted, but 
being unwilling to join the Queen's forces against 
their friend the Earl of Murray, the citizens had 
twice to purchase exemption from service by pay- 
ment of one thousand pounds. The fact is, that 
for the next sixteen years, but particularly until 
1573, the whole of Scotland, and the capital more 
especially, sufiFered aU the horrors of civil war. 

It was certainly not the time in which either 
existiQg Universities and schools could flourish or 
new ones be founded. All through these years 
the Town Council minutes tell the sad story of 
internecine war. In 1567 the town was taken 
possession of by the Confederate Lords, who over- 
threw Mary and Bothwell at Carberry Hill, and 
the townsmen cordially joined their forces. Next 
year a thousand pounds were voted for the equip- 
ment of the citizens who were to join the army, 



14 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

which the Eaxl of Murray had summoned to act 
against the Queen's party, already broken by defeat 
at Langside. Then comes a short breathing-space, 
only to be followed by two terrible years — 1571 
and 1572 — in which the Castle was held for the 
Queen and the Canongate for the King, and the 
town between them was torn to pieces. During 
two years and a half — from June 1571 to November 
1573 — ^there are no town records preserved. 

During these unhappy years, that terrible tragedy 
was enacted which has shed so fearful a light over 
the Kirk of Field.^ On the 9th February 1567, the 
Queen's husband, Henry Damley, was murdered, 
and the house in which he had been residing, one of 
the Prebends' houses, was blown up by gunpowder. 
The eyes of all civilised Europe were for a time 
centred on the spot, and, from the interest taken in 
the event, we have preserved for us detailed descrip- 
tions of the place. George Buchanan, in two dif- 
ferent parts of his writings,^ paints it for us in his 

^ See Burton's History, chap. xlv. 

2 The fullest description is in "Ane Oratioun with declaratioun of 
evidence against Queen Marie, the Scotish Quene." 



DESIKE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 15 

strong, vigorous language ; and, stranger still, in the 
English State Paper Ofl&ce a coloured plan of the 
ground has been found. It seems to have been a 
sketch of the famous banner carried by the Con- 
federate Lords against Mary at Oarberry, on which 
was depicted the scene of Damley's murder, and the 
young Prince James praying to God to avenge his 
cause. This print has been more than once pub- 
lished of late years, and may be found in James 
Grant's 'Old and New Edinburgh.' The descrip- 
tions given by Buchanan and the sketch agree com- 
pletely. On the south we have the town wall; 
in the comer of ground next the Potterrow Port 
we see the old Kirk of Field ; north from it is the 
" Duke's Ingoing," the town house of the Hamilton 
family ; eastward from the Kirk, between it and the 
Blackfriars, is a square of monastic buildings, one of 
them blown to pieces ; and in the foreground is a 
row of small, mean-looking houses. It is evident 
from Buchanan's description that these houses were 
occupied; perhaps their old monastic tenants had 
remained in them, or transferred them to others, 
and for many years after the University was opened 



16 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGB. 

we read of purchases of property being made. B7 
this time John Pennycuke has passed away, and 
Eobert Balfour is Provost of the Kirk of Field. It 
was from him that Both well obtained the use of the 
house in which Damley lived before his murder; 
and years after, in 1579, we find Balfour condemned 
as an accessory to the murder, and his property 
confiscated to the Crown.^ 

Little more than a month after Damley's murder, 
Mary gave the Town Council a charter, which granted 
to the town a considerable portion of what it had 
prayed for in the petition of 17th August 1562. 
The Queen conferred on the town all the lands, 
buildings, and property of every kind belonging to 
"whatsoever churches, chapels, or colleges within 
the liberty of our said town of Edinburgh," "to- 
gether with all the manors, &c., that belonged to the 
Black and Grey Friars within our town of Edin- 
burgh," and "obliged the Town Council from the 
revenue to support the ministers of the town, and to 
erect hospitals." The charter, which is dated 13th 
March 1567, is given in full in Maitland's * BKstory 

^ See Registrum Domus de Soltre, p. 39. 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 17 

of Edinburgh/ and is worth perusal, because it is on 
it that James's charter founding the College is based ; 
in fact, James's charter incorporates Mary's charter, 
and purports to be a mere amplification of it, and a 
permission to apply part of the "annual rents" of 
the Church lands to a different purpose — ^the found- 
ing of a College. It will be noticed that there is no 
mention of the Kirk of Field in Mary's charter ; but 
it must be remembered that the temporalities of the 
Collegiate Church were in the hands of Eobert Bal- 
four, a follower of Bothwell, and that Mary was very 
unlikely to do anything to injure a friend of the man 
whom she married three months after. The fabric of 
the Old Kirk, as separate from the property of the 
College of the Kirk of Field, probably passed into the 
hands of the Town Council; as we find that, dur- 
ing the troubles of the following years, the Council 
granted permission to citizens to use the wood of the 
steeple. 

For some years no trace appears in the city records 
of any attempt to proceed with a College. The rec- 
ords are very full of notices regarding the up-keep- 
ing of the city walls ; the organising of city train- 

B 



18 OURE TOUNIS C0LLED6E. 

bands ; the mounting of guards on the walls, or of 
watchmen on the old crown of St Giles' ; and of the 
custody of the town's artiUery, which seems occa- 
sionallj to have gone out on loan. It was not the 
time in which the arts of peace or learning could 
flourish. But with more settled times — ^when the 
revolutions, which occurred annually for some years, 
became less common — ^the minds of the citizens seem 
to have turned to education, with a certainty worthy 
of the most zealous supporters of John Knox and his 
polity. In 1574, the Council engaged a Frenchman 
to teach French, and appointed him a house and 
salary; and in the beginning of 1578, it began to 
build the High School in the Blackfriars' kirkyard, 
as the old school had fallen into a ruinous condition. 
Early next year the Council returned to the ques- 
tion of a University, but although it proceeded on 
new lines, it did not seek any further royal author- 
ity before entering on the matter. On the 4th, and 
again on the 25th February 1579, committees were 
appointed to act, with advice of James Lawson, minis- 
ter of the High Kirk, in negotiating with Eobert Pont, 
Provost of Trinity College Kirk, " touching the erec- 



V 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 19 

tion and foundations of the Universities in the Trin- 
ity College " ; and again, on the 26th November and 
23d December, committees were named, in each case 
varying somewhat in their numbers, to carry on the 
negotiation with Eobert Pont. It is probable that the 
Town Council was dismayed by the number of inter- 
ests which required to be bought out at the Kirk of 
Field, — ^the Hamilton family possessed rights to their 
house; the Provost of the Kirk held possession of 
his house ; there appears to have been at least one 
Prebend ; and there were probably other less digni- 
fied " squatters," — and that it had turned its atten- 
tion to the Trinity College Hospital, which was under 
its own charge. No one can appreciate the reason- 
ableness of believing that the Town Council never 
gave up the idea of a College from 1560 until 1583, 
when the College was opened, who does not examine 
the city records, and notice how many members of 
Council remained for years in ofl&ce, giving contin- 
uity to its action. During this time Provosts came 
and went ; they were often appointed and removed 
by royal command — Mary, Murray, Morton, and 
James all interfering with the election, so that the 



20 OUKE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

real business of the Council was conducted by the 
Bailies and members of Council. 

During the years we are writing of, when the every- 
day work of the town had to be done, there was cer- 
tain to appear on the list of the committee appointed 
to do it, the name of one of the Littills — ^Edward, 
Clement, or William ; of the Uduarts — ^Alexander or 
Nicol; of John Johnstone, collector of church an- 
nuals ; or of John Prestoun, who figured at various 
times as Dean of Guild, Treasurer, and Bailie. Of 
the wealth and importance of Nicol Uduart (or Ed- 
ward) an account will be found both in Eobert Cham- 
bers's works on Edinburgh,^ and in Wilson's ' Memo- 
rials of Edinburgh/ In the same authorities a de- 
scription of the site and magnificence of William 
Littill's house may be read ; while his brother Cle- 
ment, one of the assessors for the burgh, is- to be 
revered as the founder of what he intended as a 
town's library. His books, however, passed into the 
keeping of the CoUege shortly after its foundation, 
and became the nucleus of its magnificent collection. 

^ See especially "Ancient Domestic Architecture," and "Merch- 
ants and Merchandise in Olden Time," in Edinburgh Papers. 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 21 

Of John Johnstone we know nothing, save that 
he did much good work for the town ; while of John 
Prestoun, we can but tell that he was the Nestor of 
the Council ; for, in December 1584, he presents a 
"supplication," mentioning the forty years' service 
which he had given the town; and praying to be 
relieved from the active duties of a Town Councillor, 
which at this time meant sustaining "the burding 
of walkin, watcheing, wairding, wawpounshawings, 
raidis, and armeis, in the which the persouns of 
habill men ar requisit." From entries in the records, 
we believe him to have been the father of that John 
Prestoun, who was a city assessor at this time, and 
who afterwards became Lord Justice-Clerk, under the 
title of Lord Fentonbams. His house at the head of 
Blackfriars' Wynd is fuUy described in Chambers's 
' Traditions/ 

One other name strikes the eye as singularly ap- 
propriate to the CouncU which founded " oure tounis 
Colledge " — that of Gilbert Primrose, Deacon of the 
Chirurgeons, the ancestor of Lord Eosebery, the late 
Lord Eector of the University. As if to show the 
continuity of the town's striving after a College, we 



22 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

find that John Prestoun sat on the first small com- 
mittee appointed in March 1563, to negotiate con- 
cerning the purchase of the Kirk of Field, and that 
his name again appears on that of the 24th April 
1579, which conducted negotiations with the Provost 
of Trinity College. Influencing the deliberations of 
the members of CouncU during the whole period 
were the permanent ofl&cers, the Town Clerks. From 
1560, onward well into the 17th century, the ofl&ce 
was held by men of the name of Alexander Guthrie. 
The father, who continued in the position of Town 
Clerk till 1580, is spoken of by Knox as a supporter 
of the Eeformed Church, and he was outlawed, along 
with the nobles of the Protestant party, in 1565.^ 
He retired in favour of his son of the same name, 
and he, like his father, seems to have been a man of 
ability and great weight in all matters affecting the 
town. 

The University of Edinburgh was not fated, how- 
ever, to be built on the shore of the " North Loch " ; 
why it was not we can but guess. We do know, 
however, that in this year (1579), Eobert Balfour, 

1 Knox's Works, vol. ii. pp. 491, 492. 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 23 

Provost of the Kirk of Field, was tried, and "put 
to the horn " for his share, twelve years before, in 
Damley's murder; and that the Hamilton family 
alflo was banished, and its great possessions escheated 
to the Crown. The Provostry, the gift of which fell 
to the King, was conferred on John Gib, " ane of the 
vallettes of His Hienes' chalmer." On whom the 
town house of the Hamilton family was conferred 
we cannot discover. We suspect, too, that the town 
was already looking after the Bishop of Orkney's 
bequest, to which we shall refer at greater length 
hereafter ; and we know that the Bishop had speci- 
fied a site on the south side of the town for the College 
he purposed founding, whHe the Trinity Hospital was 
on the north side. 

The last meeting regarding the Trinity Hospital 
site took place in December 1579 ; but by 2()th 
April 1580, the Council had again directed its atten- 
tion to the Kirk of Field ; for on this day, it in- 
structed two of its members to "agree with John 
Blyth anent his prependary of the Kirk of Field." 
The titles to Blyth's property will be found duly 
catalogued in the Town's Roll of College Charters. 



24 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Early next year — 3d February 1581 — ^the town pro- 
ceeded to buy out John Gib, who had only fifteen 
months before (7th December 1579) been created 
Provost of the Kirk of Field ; and by the middle of 
the year it had come to an arrangement with him, as 
we find that a committee was appointed to try to 
induce Thomas Buchanan, Keeper of the Privy Seal, 
to modify his exorbitant charges for passing "ths 
town's letter of confirmation of John Gib's renun- 
ciation of the Kirk of Field." About this time, 
too, the town must have obtained Hamilton House, 
or the "Duke's Lugeing" as it is usually termed, 
because it was in it that the College was actually 
opened, in October 1583. It is a strange fact, how- 
ever, that the town, as its charters show, did not get 
legal possession of the house, which constituted the 
principal building of the College, and which it had 
been using for thirty-seven years, untU 1620. We 
cannot discover to whom the house was handed, 
when the Hamilton famUy was attainted in 1579, 
and must therefore accept Professor Craufurd's 
statement in his ' History,' dated 1646, that on the 
forfeiture of the Hamiltons, it "was disponed to 



DESIBE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 26 

some courtiers, and by them to the Magistrates of 
Edinburgh." i 

The Town Council of Edinburgh was now ap- 
proaching the end of its long quest after a College ; 
it had got a site, and had to some extent acquired 
buildings. Money was much needed, however, and 
royal authority was required also. The country, as 
a whole, was now settling down to what was at that 
time a peaceable condition, and public attention 
once more turned to the Eeformer's scheme for the 
strengthening of the Universities. Parliament met 
in October 1581, but it was far too pleasantly occu- 
pied to waste its time on education. The Eegent 
Morton had been beheaded in the June previous, 
and there were all his relatives to outlaw, and all 
his great estates to divide. A Parliament with such 
sport in hand could not be expected to work. It 
therefore parsed an "Omnibus Bill," in which it 
bundled up thirty or forty bills which it had not 
time to attend to, appointed Lords of the Articles, 
among whom were the two members for the town of 

^ History of the University of Edinburgh, from 1580 to 1646. 
By Thomas Craufurd, A.M., Professor of Philosophy. 1808. P. 21. 



26 OUEK TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Edinburgh, and gave this body full powers to con- 
sider all these bills, and make them law. This Act 
is Chapter 9 of the Parliament of 1581,^ and the 
Lords of the Articles seem to have acted in this case 
like the Commission of General Assembly. Among 
the items in this comprehensive Bill, are — "Ane 
Article for Confirmation of the Gifts of Annuals and 
Chaplanries to Burghs; anent Reformation of the 
College of Abirdine; for Erectioun of ane College 
in Orknay; for Consideration and Beformatioun of 
the State of the Universities and Colleges in 
general." 

The town must have gone at once to the Lords 
of the Articles about the College, or probably had 
approached them before Parliament met ; for we find, 
on the 17th November 1581, a charge allowed in 
the Treasurer's accounts for the drawing "of the 
biUs to the Lords of the Articles of this present 
Parliament — ^viz., ane concerning the Abbot of Kin- 
loss, and ane other for confirmatioun of the town's 
gifts of the annuals." 

This, the first mention we have found of the 

^ Thomson's Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland. 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 27 

Abbot of Kinloss, turns our history back for over 
twenty years. In 1558, Eobert Eeid, Bishop of 
Orkney and Abbot of Kinloss, who, from his mag- 
nificence and liberality, must have been a Scottish 
Wolsey, died, leaving money to endow that College 
in Orkney which the Lords of the Articles were em- 
powered to look after, and also a sum of money to 
found a College in Edinburgh, according to the direc- 
tions in his wiU. The money had been retained by 
his nephew and executor, Walter, Abbot of Kinloss, 
but this must have been known all these years to the 
older members of the Town CouncU, as well as to 
its shrewd old clerk, Alexander Guthrie; and now 
the legacy was to be got, if possible, for the new 
College. 

That the Lords of the Articles viewed the two 
bills presented by the Town Council in a favourable 
light can be safely asserted, because, in April 1582, 
a very strong deputation waited on the King and 
his Council at Stirling to lay these two bills before 
them, and to request the royal " signatour " to them. 
James VI. was at this time a precocious boy of six- 
teen, and the affairs of the country were managed 



1 

I 



28 OURB TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

by a Council called the Secret (or Privy) Council, 
nominated by the Parliament of 1581 (chapter 38). 
Before this Council the deputation from Edinburgh 
appeared, on the 11th April 1582, and the result of 
the conference is given in a Town Council minute 
of the 8th June, which was printed by Maitland 
in his ' History of Edinburgh,' p. 356. The bill 
" anent the town's gifts of the annuals " had prob- 
ably been already passed; but the bill "anent the 
Abbot of Kinloss " had to be discussed. The Town 
Council minute is somewhat obscure, as it has never 
been completed, being followed by a page of blank 
paper, which the Town Clerk must have intended 
to fill up afterwards, but which he had been pre- 
vented doing, by some cause which cannot even be 
guessed at by us, 300 years after the time when the 
pen stopped at " langer delay." But what the Town 
Council minute does not make clear, the Eecords of 
the Secret Council — the other "high contracting 
party" — fully explains. The entry will be found 
in ' Eegister of the Council,' vol. iii. p. 472 (edited 
by Professor Masson), where the transaction between 
the Town Council and the Secret Council is fully 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 29 

given. The Secret Council begins by taking " cau- 
tion " from the deputation from the town, consisting 
of the Provost, two Bailies, and six Councillors, that 
the town will pursue Bishop Eeid's executors for the 
sum of 8000 merks, left for the purpose of founding 
a College in Edinburgh. The minute then contains 
the Town Council "supplication" engrossed in it, 
and goes on to empower the town to recover and 
bestow Bishop Eeid's legacy " according to the will 
of the deid " (deceased), but ends by binding the 
town to proceed with the founding of a College 
"within the space of ane yeir next thairefter," 
under pain of forfeiture of right to the legacy. It 
may be stated that the subject of Bishop Eeid's 
legacy had occupied the attention of the Secret 
Council once before — on the 4th May 1576; and 
that the minute of this meeting ('Eegister of the 
Council,' vol. ii. p. 528) gives pretty fully the pro- 
visions of the Bishop's will, one of which we have 
already referred to, that the College should be placed 
" on the south side of the burgh." ^ 

^ We print these two minutes of the Privy Council in the 
Appendix. 



30 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

The two bills must have received the King's signa- 
ture on the same day, the 14th April 1582, as on 
the 18th the Town Council authorised the payment 
of their expenses to the deputation, which had ob- 
tained "the signatouris passed concerning the foun. 
dation of a College, and anent the Abbot of Kinloss." 
Of the latter " signatour " we know nothing further, 
except that it was matured by legal process into a 
charter. The former is well known, for it is the 
charter by which the College of Edinburgh was 
created, and by whose powers the Town Council 
governed it, until the Act of 1858 placed the Uni- 
versity on a different basis. This charter can be 
easily consulted, and is well worth reading; it is 
given verbatim in Maitland's 'History of Edin- 
burgh,' and in Craufurd's and Bower's Histories of 
the University. The charter incorporates Mary's 
charter of 13th March 1567, granting Church an- 
nuals to the town for charitable purposes, and goes 
on to amplify its powers, by allowing the Town 
Council to receive benefactions for the maintenance 
of ministers, for the poor, and for education in 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 31 

schools and colleges; it then confirms John. Gibs 
transfer of his Provostry, and concludes by giving 
powers to erect a College, and to conduct its affairs. 
The Town CouncU had now received back its peti- 
tion of the 17th August 1562, "signed" in full by 
the sovereign. It had in that petition asked for the 
Greyfriars' Kirkyard, which Mary granted at once ; 
for the Blackfriars' " yairdis," which fell to the town 
through the Queen's charter of 13th March 1567; 
and lastly, for the Kirk of Field, which was yielded 
to the pertinacity of the Town Council, nearly 
twenty years after the date of the " supplication," by 
James's charter of the 14th April 1582. 

The two " BUlis " signed by the King seem not to 
have reached the Town Council in the form of 
charters untU the 4th December 1583, when there 
were delivered to John Johnstone, Collector, two 
charters — "ane of the foundatioun of the College, 
the other of the gift of the Kirk Annuallis." But 
we need not wonder at the delay very much if 
we remember that the unexpected had been hap- 
pening as usual, and that King and Government 



32 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

had been carried ofiF in the "Eaid of Euthven." 
Another revolution had passed over unhappy Scot- 
land.i 

The town, armed with authority in the shape of 
the two " signatouris," proceeded with the work of 
preparing the Kirk of Field buildings for the Col- 
lege. Kinloss was far away in Moray, however, and 
its Abbot seems to have had no consuming desire to 
pay over his uncle's legacy ; and so the Town Council 
had, as the Eecords prove, recovered none of it by 
the spring of 1583. On the 29th March, the Town 
Council, keeping in mind that the grant of the legacy 
to it would expire on the 15th April, resolved to go 
on with the work, getting money as best it could ; 
and on the 5th April it raised 600 merks, "being 
the redemption price of an annual rent of dE40, per- 
taining to the town," and handed this sum over to 
" Andrew Sclater, baillie, and David Kinloch, baxter " 
— whom it appointed "maisters of wark" — ^to be 
" employ et " by them on the College buildings. This 
money was soon consumed, however, and by the end 

^ The intrigueB and struggles of these years are fully detailed in 
Tytler's History of Scotland, yoL viii chap, iii 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 33 

of June, the works were at a standstill and the Col- 
lege not ready for opening. 

On the 28th June 1583, the Council, again forced 
to act by the fear that the authority given them to 
take possession of the Eeid bequest would lapse 
under the clause of irritancy, ordered a levy to be 
made on the town of 3000 merks, a portion of which 
was to pay the town's quota of a national tax, and 
the rest to be devoted to finishing the College. And 
so the College was at last completed, and in October 
1583 began its infant life. Quietly and sensibly the 
little " schule," whose career has been so wonderfully 
successful, opened its doors, with its one " Eegent," 
and his one assistant. " Plain living and high think- 
ing " must have been the rule for both masters and 
taught; and, perhaps, just because the living was 
poor the working was hard, and the fame of " oure 
tounis CoUedge " grew and increased steadily as the 
sixteenth century faded into the seventeenth, and the 
seventeenth in its turn gave birth to the eighteenth 
— the century of Monro and Provost Drummond, of 
Principal Robertson and Dugald Stewart. 

In telling our story of the " genesis " of the Uni- 



34 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

versity of Edinburgh, it will be seen by those who 
are curious on the subject that we follow rather 
the older historians than the latest — its learned 
Principal, Sir Alexander Grant. We do not be- 
lieve that the lost charter was other than we have 
described it — an authority to the town to apply 
Bishop Eeid's money to building its College, instead 
of raising a separate College under separate manage- 
ment, as instructed in the Bishop's will ; and we see 
no reason for believing that the charter was de- 
stroyed for any other reason than because, the 
money being received and spent, the charter was 
of no further use. If we are right in believing that 
the Town Council had steadUy pursued, as oppor- 
tunity would permit, for over twenty years, the 
intention of founding a College in the town, it seems 
not at all wonderful that James should grant just 
such a charter as he did. The charter was given in 
response to the desire of the citizens of Edinburgh, 
and in their hands the executive of the country left 
the moulding of the young College. Nor do we 
think that in the Scotland of the time could there 
have been found a body of men abler or better fitted 



N 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 35 

for the task. The College had to be reared on very 
slender means, and most careful thrift was requisite ; 
and to satisfy the craving of the country, stirred to 
the bottom by the fervour of the Eeformation, a 
high ideal had to be aimed at. We can gauge the 
temper of the time if we remember that it was 
now that England gave birth to Shakespeare and 
to Spenser. The necessities of the town had trained 
its civic rulers in thrift, and the strong Eeforming 
leanings of its citizens had made them understand 
and concur with the desire of the higher minds of 
the time for better education. 

It is difficult to believe that any one can go to 
the study of the Scotland of this period, however 
prejudiced he may be against John Knox and his 
followers, and impregnate himself with the spirit of 
the time so strongly as to be able to understand the 
' men who then lived and fought so hard, without 
being impressed with the moral grandeur of the 
great Reformer, and the high religious, moral, and 
intellectual ideal after which his followers laboured. 
Any one who reads Froude, or Hill Burton, or 
David Laing, feels that all of them are '' reformers," 



36 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

almost against their will. We ascribe to the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh the noblest of " fathers," when 
we say that we believe that the real authors of its 
being were John Knox, and the stout, upright, hard- 
working, God-fearing men who then managed the 
affairs of the town of Edinburgh in its Kirk and 
Council. Of the great Eeformer nothing need be 
said. The great men of Scotland — Buchanan, Ejiox, 
Murray, Mary, Maitland, Morton — were known all 
over the Europe of their time : and with these, his 
fellow-countrymen, and with their contemporaries 
in England, France, and Spain, Knox can hold his 
own for intellectual power, or as a far-seeing poli- 
tician, and he stands above them all for moral 
worth. As for the humbler group who carried 
out the great Eeformer's thoughts — the Ministers 
and Town Clerks, the littills, Uduarts, Prestouns, 
and the rest — the big houses which they built are 
all swept away, and they fill quiet citizens' graves 
in the Greyfriars' Kirkyard, looking over to the 
Castle, which wrought them so much annoy, but 
which troubles no one now, save the men of taste, 



"- f 



DESIRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. 37 

who gaze with dismay on the modem ugliness of 
its buildings. The Latin inscriptions on their 
monuments are fading away, but the good work 
which they did for the town remains, and, after 
three hundred years, is good still. 



38 



CHAPTER 11. 



EDINBURGH IN 1583. 



No one can possibly understand the peculiar con- 
ditions under which the College of Edinburgh began 
its existence, who has not imagination enough to 
recall in some measure the city of Edinburgh of 
three hundred years ago, and to appreciate the 
strong impulses which inspired its citizens, and 
gave them strength to overcome the many difl&cul- 
ties which stood in the way of their obtaining 
higher education. 

The stranger who wanders into the Market-place 
of Brussels, in the early morning, before the tide of 
passengers begins to throng that noble square, may 
imagine that the day which has opened is really 
about to present to his gaze some of the old tragic 



EDINBUEGH IN 1583. 39 

scenes which are to him so much more real than 
modem Belgian history. But no one can walk the 
High Street of Edinburgh, and, from its buildings, 
read the history of Scotland at the time when 
Egmont, and Horn, and William of Nassau were 
fighting in the Netherlands the same fight for free- 
dom which was being fought in Scotland by Murray, 
and Morton, and Knox. The Edinburgh of the 
latter half of the sixteenth century can, however, 
be seen in the eye of fancy by him who loves his 
native town so well that even the graves of its 
dead past are dear to him. In the spirit he can 
wander down the old High Street as it was in 
1583, and his eye follows the irregular line of its 
quaint houses — irregular in height, but unbroken by 
opening from Castle Hill to Netherbow, save where 
on the south side the old "Great Kirk" stands, 
with its kirkyard running down to the Cowgate. 
There are some old houses in the street, but few 
have survived those dreadful days in 1544, when 
the English held the town, and fired it again and 
again, in every direction. The sky line is singularly 
picturesque, for not only are the houses of varying 



40 OUKE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

height — ^four, five, six, and seven storeys — ^but they 
throw up against the sky quaint angles and peaks. 
The fronts, too, are curious, with ornamental win- 
dows, and many of them with wooden fronts, built 
out beyond the stone framework of the house, and 
supported on wooden pillars, under which are the 
stalls of the merchants. The second storey is an 
open gallery, and from these galleries the ladies of 
the house are watching the passers-by ; and if it be 
a ftU day, the galleries are gay, not only with 
bright faces and bright eyes, but with tapestry 
and coloured cloth, with which the inhabitants 
are wont to decorate them on such occasions. He 
passes down the street, and finds the large, irregular 
Old Eark, which once rejoiced in a sacred relic — 
even the arm-bone of the sacred St Giles ; but an un- 
believing generation has pillaged the sacred shrine, 
.and a faithless Town Council has consigned the 
sacred bone to an equally unbelieving Town Treas- 
urer, through whom the holy relic passes out of 
history. 

The Old Kirk, quaintly irregular in itself, is made 
yet quainter by the queer, narrow, high old building 



EDINBURGH IN 1583. 41 

abutting on to its western end, which serves as the 
prison and town-house for the city, as the Law Courts 
and Parliament House for the country. This, the 
Old Tolbooth, has been cobbled up, as be3t an im- 
pecunious Town Council can, a few years before, 
under threat that the Lords of Session will try if 
they can find a house that is water-tight in St 
Andrews. So the Dean of Guild manages to find 
timber for the roof, and the Lords remain to dispense 
sixteenth-century justice — a kind of justice which 
does not boast of being no respecter of persons, but 
remembers cousins to a very remote degree. The 
Old Kirk is barnacled round with "kranaes," the 
occupants of which require looking after — for being 
" but Protestants," they respect not the sacred edifice, 
but dig holes in its walls, when cupboard accommo- 
dation is required for their shops. 

And so the "spirit" flits down past the Cross, 
from which that ghostly Herald had issued his sum- 
mons to James and his ill-fated host to pass through 
Flodden Field, and appear in Hades ; and past the 
" Black Turnpike," where Mary Stuart was confined 
the night after her surrender at Carberry ; and thus 



42 DURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

he comes to the old gate at the Netherbow, on to 
which looks the window of the little wooden study 
that the Dean of Guild built by order of Council for 
the beloved preacher, John Ejiox. 

And if the wanderer wonder at the crowded streets, 
and the throng of buyers and sellers, both up and 
down the street from the Tron, he has but to pass 
through the heavy gate which bars one of the narrow 
closes on either side of the broad street, and he finds 
that the crowds are great because the town is so 
narrow that its population is closely packed together, 
making a traveller of the time say, " I believe there 
is no city so populous as this, considering its size." ^ 

If the " enquiring spirit " has turned to the north, 
he may pass down the Anchor Close, which is so 
narrow that the houses show but a narrow line 
of sky between, and, because no gate or key can 
bar a spirit's progress, flit through William Fowler's 
house, a citizen whom King James honours occa- 
sionally with his presence at dinner, when the larder 
at Holyrood is bare, and he finds himself in a garden 
stretching down to the northern defence of the city, 

^ Due de Rohan's Voyage, quoted in Chambers's Reekiana, p, 25. 



EDINBURGH IN 1583. 43 

the North Loch, beyond which his eye rests on the 
open fields, and the Firth, and the Fife hills. Or 
nearer the Netherbow> if he turn to the south and 
pass down what is now Strichen's Close, and through 
what was wont to be the town house of the Abbot of 
Melrose, but which Queen Mary's charter of 1567 
has transferred to the town, he may wander through 
the old Abbot's garden, down the slope into the 
valley below, and see on his left, at but short dis- 
tance, the City Wall, which his eye can trace running 
south, and then turning west along the top of the 
opposite slope, just outside the newly erected College ; 
while on his right runs the line of the Cowgate, in 
which are so many noble houses, that an old traveller 
says of it, " Nothing there is humble or plain, but all 
magnificent." ^ 

The Edinburgh of this time reaUy consisted of 
but two streets — the High Street from the Castle 
Hill to the Netherbow Port, and the Cowgate, in- 
cluding the Grassmarket. Between these, and north- 
ward from the High Street, the houses were closely 
packed in narrow alleys, or " closes." On the south 

^ Alesse, quoted in Reekiana, p. 11. 



44 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

of the Cowgate, between it and the city walls, there 
appears to- have been but little population, the 
ground having been held, until the Eeformation, for 
the most part by the three religious houses of the 
Blackfriars, Kirk of Field, and Greyfriars. Buch- 
anan describes the Prebend's house, in which Dam- 
ley was murdered, as being distant from the town ; 
while the Town Council, in their petition to the 
Queen in 1562, ask for the Greyfriars' "yairdis" 
for a kirkyard, on the ground that they are away 
from the populous part. Beyond the walls, on the 
east, was the Canongate; and on the west Ports- 
burgh — both separate minor burghs. The Canon- 
gate, being the Court end of the town, was affected 
by the nobility, and, before the Eeformation, by 
the wealthy territorial clergy, who built town houses 
near Holyrood. Many of these mansions had passed 
into the hands of those who had taken possession of 
the Church lands, or of the clergy who had become 
laymen and retained for themselves the Church pro- 
perty. 

Such was the little town of Edinburgh, which 
succeeded, in 1583, in establishing a College, the 



EDINBURGH IN 1583. 45 

success of which seems to us, looking back across 
these three centuries, a natural and fitting reward 
for the high-minded enthusiasm of its founders. 
The fact is, that during the second half of the six- 
teenth century, the citizens of Edinburgh must have 
lived at high-pressure, making the town but an un- 
comfortable place of abode save for zealots who 
really believed either in the Protestant or in the 
Eoman Catholic faith, and were willing to suffer 
for their faith ; or else for men whose moral back- 
bones were so supple that they could, without in- 
convenience to their consciences, change sides at 
least once a twelvemonth. In this very year of 
1583, there was being fought out that dreary and 
sad struggle between a portion of the nobles, headed 
by the Earl of Gowrie, and supported by the whole 
strength of the Eeforming clergy, and the king and 
his favourite the Earl of Arran, behind whom was 
arrayed the force of the nobles who inclined to the 
old faith.^ 

The citizens of Edinburgh are still earnest poli- 
ticians, but in those old days, in the range of politics 

* See Tytler's History, vol. viii. chap, iil 



46 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

was included all man's thoughts and desires regarding 
the life to come as well as the life that is. It was 
the time in which, all over Europe, men's old ideas 
regarding the whole range of human thought were 
being renewed and altered ; and the citizens of Edin- 
burgh had. shared to the full in the excitement and 
mental exhilaration of the time. For twelve years 
John Knox had walked the streets, had been the 
familiar friend of the citizens, and, unless when 
silenced by authority, had thundered from the pulpit 
of the Old Kirk in the High Street those words of 
fire which seem scarce cooled by three centuries. 
During these years, too, George Buchanan had been 
writing for the benefit of his young pupil. King 
James ; and his books go as thoroughly to the root of 
the theories of temporal government as Knox's do to 
those of spiritual polity. Under the eyes of the 
citizens had been acted out the story of Queen Mary's 
life. It still thrills and excites us even to read: 
how must the events themselves have roused those 
who lived in their midst ? And since Mary had left 
Holyrood for Loch Leven, never to revisit Edinburgh 
again, the town, like the country as a whole, had 



EDINBURGH IN 1583. 47 

been exposed to the devastation and the horrors of 
civil war. 

There are evident signs from the history of the 
town that the strong ferment of the time had had 
its natural result, and that the citizens, as a body, 
were hardened and invigorated by the atmosphere in 
which they lived. They seem to have been ever 
ready to fight for their side and to sacrifice them- 
selves for it, whether the dispute were between mer- 
chants and craftsmen, or between Protestants and 
Catholics. Nor is it difficult to decide which side 
the city favoured in Church and State. The majority 
of the citizens were strong Presbyterians. They sup- 
ported the Lords of the Congregation against the 
Queen-Eegent, Mary of Guise ; the Earl of Murray 
throughout his whole career; the majority seem to 
have been King's men, even when Kirkcaldy held the 
town for the Queen; and they sided with their 
minister, the Eev. James Lawson, in his struggle 
against the king and his favourites which was going 
on in this year, 1583. 

A College was a natural and fitting complement to 
a town fermenting with the great questions regarding 



48 OURK T0UNI8 COLLEDGE. 

religion and Church order, regarding civil freedom 
and the duty of State and parent in the proper up- 
bringing of youth. It was the outcome of the teach- 
ing of the Eeformers, and it naturally took its com- 
plexion from them, and became, in all its leanings 
and tendencies, Calvinistic, and inclined to be theo- 
logical. Naturally, too, or rather of necessity, it took 
the imprint of the time in which it arose, and being 
in reality the creation of the citizens of Edinburgh, 
it remained an integral part of the body politic of 
the town, and therefore a portion of the whole 
controlled by the Town Council. At this period of 
the town's history, centralisation was most effectually 
carried out. The Town Council was in reality Kirk- 
Session, Paving Board, School Board, Poor -Law 
Board, Water Trust, Horse Guards, and Senatus 
Academicus : they chose ministers, and looked after 
discipline ; saw to the " causeying " of the streets ; 
founded and conducted the schools ; collected and 
distributed money among the poor, this being the 
Bailies' duty; brought water from the South Loch 
(the Meadows) for the supply of the Cowgate; 
ordered the trained bands ; bought powder and ball, 



I 



EDINBURGH IN 1583. 49 

and looked after the town's artillery ; provided and 
kept up the Eoyal Guards when the King was at 
Holyrood, and sometimes even when he was at Stir- 
ling ; and followed the King in his expeditions — the 
town supplying as many as 500 men on one occasion. 
Now was added to its other duties the management 
of the College. 

The importance of the work done by the Council 
seems to have had the effect of drawing into its body 
the ablest and most energetic of the citizens, so that 
the student of the town history is forced to admire 
the thorough and capable way in which work is car- 
ried out. Perhaps, before the next century is very 
old, we may return to so sensible a plan, sweep away 
the " Boards many and Trusts many," which are far 
too numerous for the number of citizens who can be 
found capable of doing public work, and once more 
have a City Council, whose duties are so important 
that the ablest of the citizens will be proud to be 
found in its ranks. 



D 



50 



CHAPTEE IIL 

THE COLLEGE AS OPENED, AND DURING THE 
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 

The Council adopted, in dealing with the Town's 
College, its usual course — intrusted the manage- 
ment of affairs to certain members who took 1 
special interest in it, and left them considerable 
latitude in the exercise of their discretion. It was 
no easy work, however ; for the town was very poor, 
it having suffered much in the civil wars, and been 
compelled to provide heavy sums to meet the royal 
expenditure ; and while the funds at the disposal of 
the Council were very narrow, its ideas regarding 
education partook of the magnificent proportions 
laid down in the Presbyterian text-book — the ' Book 
of Discipline/ 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 51 

Those who managed the affairs of the College 
were, however, among the shrewdest men of busi- 
ness in the city, and had besides been trained in 
economy. The chief share of the duties fell to 
William Littill, who had sat for several years in the 
Council, and who, along with his brother Clement 
and the Eev. James Lawson, the minister of the 
High Kirk, had been the most ardent promoters of 
the foundation of the College. Clement Littill had 
died in 1580, leaving his books " to his native town 
of Edinburgh and to the Kirk of God therein"; 
while Lawson was outlawed for his support of the 
faction who had carried off King James in the " Eaid 
of Euthven," and died in exile at London in 1584. 
Of William Littill we have spoken before. He was 
one of the wealthiest of the citizens of Edinburgh, 
and was accustomed to entertain King James and 
his Court in his house in Brodie's Close, which 
remained in the possession of his descendants, the 
Little Gilmours of Craigmillar, until it was pulled 
down half a century ago.^ 

The first work of the Council, after seeing its way 

^ Wilson's Memorials, voL i. p. 171. 



52 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

to get the College really opened, was to choose a 
teacher, and in its choice it was probably guided by 
Lawson. The man appointed seems to have been 
in every way well fitted for the post. He was one 
of the St Andrews " Eegents," or Professors as we 
now style them, of the name of Eobert Eollock ; and 
the arrangement come to was thoroughly in keeping 
with the cautious manner in which the Town Coun- 
cil worked. Eollock was only appointed as " Eeg- 
ent," but a promise was given him, that if the 
College prospered so well as to call for a stafif of 
teachers, he should be appointed Principal. Eoll- 
ock's character is very pleasantly sketched for us by 
Craufurd in his little History of the University;^ 
and both from this sketch, by one who was almost 
a contemporary, and from the success of Eollock's 
work, we should judge him to have been a bom 
teacher. He was only twenty-eight years of age at 
the time of his appointment, but had already taught 
at St Andrews for some years, having been first a 
Lecturer on Humanity, and afterwards a Professor of 
Philosophy for four years. He was a sound Presby- 

' P. 43, &c. 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 53 

terian, and for some years before his death, while 
he acted as one of the city clergy of Edinburgh, as 
well as Principal of his College, he became, as a 
preacher, very popular in the town. The sweetness 
of his personal character, and the enthusiasm for his 
profession, seems to have softened in him that aus- 
terity which the Calvinism of the time imparted 
even to a man like James Lawson. Ajb a teacher 
he was most successful, winning the confidence and 
love of his students ; and when, four years after, he 
became Principal, he seems to have worked most 
amicably both with his colleagues, and with the 
members of Town Council who managed the affairs 
of the College. 

The arrangements for the opening were very 
curious, and speak both to the lofty ideal and the 
narrow finances of the founders. The College was 
to be like one of the Colleges at Oxford or Cam- 
bridge,-a Uttle community Uving under the super- 
vision of a head, for the purpose of the acquire- 
ment of knowledge; and the students were there- 
fore to reside within the walls. The Town Council 
had prepared the "Duke's Lugeing," or Hamilton 



54 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

House, for the reception of students, and they were 
busy building another house at right angles to 
Hamilton House, which ran north and south, with 
its gable somewhere about the middle of the north 
face of the present University buildings. Money 
was not easily foimd, however, and the master of 
works seems to have had difficulty in getting the 
new buildings slated. 

Eollock crossed from St Andrews in the end of 
September, and on the 11th October the Town 
Council ordain proclamation to be made that those 
who desire to enter as students should give their 
names to one of the Bailies, — the town rejoiced in 
four at this period, — "who shall then take order 
for their placing and instructing." There must have 
been a show of students, for William Littill and 
Henry Nisbet, both of them Bailies, are instructed 
to summon "upon Sonday nixt aftemone" (mark 
the day) the persons appointed to draw up rules for 
teaching and discipline. Who these persons were we 
do not know, save that the ministers of the High 
Kirk — Lawson and Balcanqual — ^must have been of 
the number, and that Eollock would be consulted. 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. S5 

The course of study laid down need scarcely be 
related here, as it is fully detailed in Bower's History 
of the University, as well as in Sir Alexander Grant's 
work. The curriculum was according to the Uni- 
versity standard, and the main object of the course 
was to fit men for entering the ministry ; although 
we find that the College was at once taken advantage 
of by members of the Scottish nobiUty and others, 
who had no intention of becoming clergymen. The 
four years' course for the degree of Master included 
the study of Latin and Greek, grammar and litera- 
ture ; of philosophy, especially ,that of Aristotle and 
Eamus ; a slight taste of Hebrew grammar, and a 
superficial glance at science, in the shape of astron- 
omy, arithmetic, and physics. Besides, the students 
heard lectures on Sundays in controversial divinity. 
The intention was to give a course of study on a level 
with that of the older Scottish Universities, and with 
those of the great schools of the Continent ; and the 
weak point of the system at this time, and for a 
century to come, arose from the fact that a Eegent of 
Philosophy, as the masters were termed, was ex- 
pected to teach all the subjects which a student had 



56 CURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE, 

to learn, instead of each subject being the especial 
care of a separate professor. All instruction was to 
be given in Latin, and all communication between 
teacher and taught, and between students, to be 
carried on in the same tongue. It was found, how- 
ever, immediately after the opening, that the young 
men who had come forward were very deficient in 
their knowledge of Latin; and a preliminary class 
was, therefore, formed to teach it, and placed under 
the charge of Duncan Nairne ; while those students 
who had sufficient knowledge began their four years' 
course under EoUock. 

The ordering of the students was personally carried 
out by Bailie Nisbet and a small conmiittee of Town 
Council; for a fortnight after the College opened 
- — RoUock entered on his duties on 14th October 
1583 — we find a very curious entry in the minutes, 
ordaining that the students are to sleep two in a bed, 
and laying down the scale of charges, both for stran- 
gers and for burgesses' sons. The former are to pay 
two pounds (Scots) for the share of a bed, and four 
pounds if the student insists on having a bed to him- 
self ; the latter are to provide beds for themselves. 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 57 

and to pay no rent. liie committee receive instruc- 
tions to arrange the beds, and the other slender fur- 
niture provided — " boards and shelfs." A short time 
after, the students are ordered to provide themselves 
with gowns, and to wear them daily ; and those who 
will not so adorn themselves, and will not live within 
the College precincts, are to be expelled. We dis- 
cover only one other " faint streak " of extravagance 
besides the " goiins " — the Council orders that a bell 
shall be procured, which seems to have been done ; 
but not content with one, the Council desires a 
second ; so its bell is stolen from the High School, 
and a smaller one got for it. High School men will 
be glad to know, however, that the interests of their 
" Alma Mater," and indeed of municipal morality in 
general, were amply avenged ; for both of the bells 
cracked within eighteen months, and were melted 
down, and one bell cast out of the two. 

One part of the domestic economy of the new 
College has very much " exercised " a recent writer 
of its history: the momentous question has to be 
faced — How did the students breakfast and dine ? 
To the mind of a student at the great English Uni- 



58 CURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

versities, the word " College " raises happy memories 
of glorious old dining-halls, dark with old oak panel- 
ling and stained glass ; of grand Tudor kitchens, like 
that which is sacred to Wolsey's memory ; of cool 
and pleasant cellars, which the foot of the vulgar 
may not tread. Where were the kitchen and the 
cellars for the College of Edinburgh ? The Bailies 
and the master of works, "Andrew Sclater," must 
have omitted to build them. There is a passage in the 
biography of one of the greatest of the alumni of our 
University, Thomas Carlyle, which tells how students 
lived at the beginning of the present century. " The 
carriers brought them oatmeal, potatoes, and salt 
butter from the home-farm, with a few eggs occa- 
sionally as a luxury. With their thrifty habits, they 
required no other food." Scotland was poor, miser- 
ably poor, during the years which succeeded the 
termination of the great French war, and her sons 
were accustomed to hard and bare fare. How much 
harder and more scanty must have been their manner 
of life at this period, when the country was impover- 
ished by the long civil war, which had but little 
break from the death of James V. to the time when 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 59 

his grandson James VI. obtained comparative mastery- 
over the country and its factions ! 

The Council was more careful of the spiritual than 
of the temporal wants of its students, for on the 13th 
December it sets aside " the loft in the eist end of 
the Hie Kirk" for their accommodation, and three 
years after, it orders this gallery to be enlarged to 
meet the increasing numbers. Another provision it 
makes for the higher wants of the students, within 
a short time of the opening of the College : it places 
under Bollock's charge the "buikes and workis 
off Halie Scripturis" left by Clement Littill to the 
town. These books, when handed over by Clement 
Littill's executor, had been put under the care of 
James Lawson, the minister of the High Kirk, an 
addition being built to his study for their accommo- 
dation, having an entrance out of the said study for 
Lawson, and another from an outside stair — in High 
Street manner — ^for the public.^ But Lawson, to the 
great grief of his flock, having been banished from 
Edinburgh in September 1584, the books are "set 

* We quote in the Appendix the quaint minute relating to 
Clement LittiirB books. 



60 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

up in the townis' College," and placed under Eol- 
lock's care, who receives instructions not to lend out 
the volumes, but to give access to them to " Maister 
James Hammeltoun," the recently-appointed minister 
of the High Kirk. 

One other aspect of the College question we must 
glance at — the financial difficulties. The Town 
Council had acquired a site for its College, and had 
bought or built class and bed rooms for the students, 
and it was gradually walling in the College grounds ; 
it had, besides, involved itself in " charges " for Eol- 
lock's and Nairne's salaries and board, although these 
seem to us moderate enough nowadays — Eollock 
got £40 (Scots) per annum as salary, and 6s. 8d. per 
day for board of himself and servant. A portion 
of the bequest from the Bishop of Orkney came in 
during 1583, and, as we have seen, the Council made 
a " levy " on the town, in June 1583. This process 
was repeated early next year, for the purpose of pro- 
viding the Master of Works with funds. The King 
came to the town's help, however, by granting, as an 
endowment for the College, the revenues attached to 
the Archdeaconry of Lothian, which consisted prin- 



f 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 61 

cipally of the teinds of the parish of Currie. These 
teinds were for many years available for College 
purposes, but have been wholly absorbed by succes- 
sive augmentation of ministers' stipends. Even this 
gift, however, had to be paid for, as, unfortunately, 
there was an Archdeacon, of name Alexander Beaton, 
in possession of the Archdeaconry, whose life-interest 
had to be purchased. So, on 7th February 1584, 
the Town Council agree to pay Beaton £1200 (Scots), 
and a few days after they induce him actually to 
sign the deed of transfer by giving him the present 
of " ane silk goun." 

Other difficulties soon arose regarding the College 
property. Eobert Balfour, the old Provost of the 
Eark of Field, had his forfeiture cancelled by the 
Parliament of 1584; and although a special clause 
was introduced (ch. 42),^ making exception of the 
Eark of Field, yet the Council seems to have thought 
it wiser to give him a small sum to sign a formal 
transfer; as, on 10th April 1584, he is paid 100 
merks for subscribing a "letter of renunciation." 

But a more serious trouble was in store, for the 

^ Thomson's Acts of Scottish Parliament. 



62 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

great house of Hamilton was restored to the posses- 
sion of its estates by the Parliament of 1585, and no 
exception was made in favour of the town's College, 
which was in actual possession of the town house of 
the family. Thus arose a long-continued dispute, 
which was Settled at last by the town making over 
the house to the Hamiltons in 1613 — only formally, 
we should suppose — and receiving it back again in 
1620, on payment of £3000. 

Great "conveyancers" must have had scope for 
their talents in those days in Scotland, for every 
Parliament had a long list of " traitors " to attaint, 
and a broad tract of land to divide among the " faith- 
ful." These latter probably figured as " traitors " in 
the following Parliament, and the estates passed 
back into their former possessor's hands, or into the 
keeping of some member of the faction which was 
in power. 

The College of Edinburgh thus established, went 
on the " even tenor of its way," without any very 
material changes being made in its teaching arrange- 
ments, for more than a century. During the four 
years succeeding its opening in 1583, the College 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 63 

was put into the form which it really retained, until, 
in the beginning of the eighteenth century, its sys- 
tem was altered, and the appoiatment of professors, 
each one teaching a specific subject, gave to it the 
possibility of the marvellous development which our 
time has seen. 

In October 1584, Bollock took up the class with 
which he had started a year before, and with it 
began the second year of the course ; while Naime, 
who had been "coaching" in Latin during the 
session 1583-84, opened the first year's class. The 
session was not to pass, however, without a seri- 
ous calamity ; for in May 1585 there occurred in 
Edinburgh a very fatal outbreak of the plague. 
The students deserted the College, and on the 28th 
May, Eollock and N'aime petitioned and got leave 
of absence from the Town Council. The classes 
did not meet again until February 1586, when 
Eollock received the title of Principal; and a suc-r 
cesser had to be found for Naime, who unfortun- 
ately died at this time. In August 1587, Eollock 
"laureated" his first class, when the degree of 
Master of Arts was conferred on forty - eight 



64 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

students, among them two who afterwards became 
" Kegents " and rose to be Principals — Henry Char- 
teriss and Patrick Sands. 

When the College resumed — in October 1587, after 
the month's holidays, which seems to have been the 
term of relaxation allowed for years to come — ^Eol- 
lock took his place as Principal, performing the duty 
of general supervision of the work of the College and 
delivering lectures on Divinity ; while four Eegents 
took the students through the ordinary curriculum 
of study, — each Eegent in turn commencing with the 
class of entrants, and continuing with them during 
the four years' course until they obtained their 
degree. 

In 1590, an attempt was made to found a " Pro- 
fessorship of the Laws," the Lords of Session, the 
Council of Edinburgh, and the Advocates and Clerks 
of Session each contributing £1000 as an endowment, 
which was handed to the Town Council on its agree- 
ing to pay £300 a-year, or 10 per cent interest on 
the capital, to the Professor, The attempt did not 
succeed — chiefly, we suspect, because the two Pro- 
fessors, who followed each other in rapid succession. 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 65 

were appointed because of their Court influence and 
not on their merits. In 1597, the three bodies who 
had been the donors, and were the patrons of the 
Chair, reconsidered the matter; did away with the 
Professorship; devised two -thirds of the fund for 
the maintenance of six bursars, and the other third 
for the support of a Professor of Humanity, who 
seems, however, to have been no other than a tutor 
to teach entrants as much Latin as enabled them 
to follow the teaching, which was all done in this 
tongue. 

In 1620, a further development took place, when 
a Eector was appointed to take charge of the dis- 
cipline of the College and to act as Professor of 
Theology. The former office soon fell into desue- 
tude, when in 1665, the " Lord Provost of the city, 
present and to come," was appointed Eector; but 
the duties of the Eector, as teacher of theology, 
descended to the "present" Professor of Divinity. 
The foundations of a Divinity Faculty were further 
laid in 1642, when a Professorship of Hebrew was 
created. 

In 1620 other changes were made, when the two 

E 



66 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

senior "Eegents" received the titles of Professor of 
Mathematics and Professor of Metaphysics; but as 
they only delivered occasional lectures on these sub- 
jects, and their main work was still conducting the 
students through their four years' course, the ap- 
pointments had but little influence on the develop- 
ment of the College. 

Few of the men who held appointments in the 
College of Edinburgh during the seventeenth century 
are known to fame. The Eegents were mostly young 
men, who had graduated but a few years before — 
sometimes only one session; and at first, at least, 
they retained office but a short period, exchanging 
their College appointments for the duties of parish 
ministers. Their salaries were at first fixed at £100, 
and although these were increased in 1620, yet the 
emoluments seem to have been less than that of the 
parish minister of the time. 

Of the Principals of this period, perhaps the best 
known is Bishop Leighton, who held the office 
from 1653 to 1662 ; and of the men connected with 
the College, the greatest is Alexander Henderson, 
minister of the High Kirk, one of the great names 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 67 

of the Covenanting period, who was appointed Eector 
in 1640, and continued in office until his death in 
1646. The cares and troubles of the anxious period 
in which he lived prevented him doing that amount 
of work for the College which might have been ex- 
pected from one of his force of character and ad- 
vanced views on education. One other name is well 
known, that of Thomas Craufurd, who was Professor 
of Humanity from 1626 to 1630, Headmaster of the 
High School until 1640, and one of the Eegents of the 
College from that date until 1662. It is from the 
' History ' which he left, that most of our informa- 
tion regarding the College of this period is derived. 

The most striking feature of the system of " Ee- 
gents " is their mode of election. Of this we have 
many examples in Craufurd's * History.' When a 
vacancy occurred, the patrons — ^the Town Council — 
commanded intimation to be made to intending 
candidates, and appointed judges to examine those 
coming forward. The applicants appeared before 
these judges and passed an examination, and the 
recommendation of the examiners was usually fol- 
lowed, although occasionally the influence of pro- 



68 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

minent members of the Town Council caused the 
opinion of the judges to be slighted. 

Of the students of the time and of their numbers 
we can say but little. The main object of the Col- 
lege being the training for the ministry, a great por- 
tion followed out that profession; but there must 
have been a considerable number who attended to 
obtain a liberal education, and without any intention 
of following a professional life. In Crauf urd's * His- 
tory' we find that, in 1593, John, Earl of Gowrie, 
*' defended the Theses," and in 1597, " Eobert Ker, 
Lord Newbattle, afterward Earle of Lothian, acted in 
the disputation," and there are other entries of the 
same kind. The numbers who graduated varied con- 
siderably, but usually averaged between twenty and 
thirty: in 1617, forty-six were "laureated," out of 
"the greatest class that before that day had been 
known in Scotland," and in 1645 the number rose to 
seventy, notwithstanding the Civil War which was 
raging at the time. Of the total number of students 
we have but one hint, when Craufurd says, in speak- 
ing of the year 1625, that the number of students 
" in many years exceeded sixteen score." 



DUEING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 69 

A very interesting account of the system of ex- 
aminations is given in Craufurd's 'History*^ be- 
ginning with the examination of the entrants, the 
"publick theam being prescribed to them in Scot- 
tish." "If any of the number be found so badly 
grounded in the Latin, that there is no hope of his 
profiting, he is admonished to return to the study of 
the Latin tongue until! he be more able." The an- 
nual examinations of the classes were conducted in 
Latin, like the rest of the work of the College during 
the whole of the seventeenth century; and we are 
struck with the regulation that no Eegent shall ex- 
amine his own students. The examination for degree 
was conducted by the three Eegents, whose pupils 
were not to be passed, and by the Professor of Hu- 
manity. The result having been reported to the 
Principal, those deemed worthy had their names en- 
rolled, " being distinguished in certain ranks, accord- 
ing as they are judged of more or lesse worth." A 
public disputation then took place, attended usually 
by the Privy Council, Judges, and Faculty of Advo- 
cates, as well as by the Town Council and City Clergy. 

1 Pp. 57-62. 



70 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

These pubKc disputations were held as often in the 
Trinity College Church, or in Greyfriars, or Lady 
Tester's Churches, as in the " lower great hall of the 
CoUedge," and in these public exhibitions the gradu- 
ates defended the thesis which was prescribed for 
them. 

Meantime the College funds were increasing, and its 
buildings were gradually enlarged and improved, partly 
from town funds and partly from private benefactions. 
In 1584, King James designed to further endow the 
College with the funds of the Abbey of Paisley ; but 
the records of the town show that the Town Council 
found the gift worse than useless, as the life-rents were 
too many to be bought out. In 1589, a more valuable 
gift was made by one of the most prominent Refor- 
mers of the time, the Master of Lindsay, who 
assigned to the town the "living" of the Abbey 
of Haddington, "for the use of the ministrie and 
schools," and this benefice remained in the hands of 
the Town Council until 1609. In 1598, there fell 
in the "first private benevolence" in the shape of 
100 merks, left by James Bannatyne, brother to the 
Justice-Clerk Depute. This was followed by many 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 71 

other legacies, the favourite particular object of 
these being for the Professorship of Divinity, after 
its foundation, in 1620. 

In January 1640, the Town Council appointed 
a College Treasurer, to keep its accounts separate 
from the town's, and it was found that from private 
legacies over 30,000 merks had been received. Of 
these legacies the largest was one of 20,000 merks, 
along with 6000 merks to buy a house for the 
Professor of Divinity, from Bartholomew Somervell, 
portioner, of Sauchtonhall. After 1640, the stream 
of private benefaction continued to flow steadily. 
In 1608-9 an arrangement was come to between 
the Town Council and the Kirk-Session of Edin- 
burgh, which gives us a peep into the manners of 
the time. 

The city was at this time divided into four 
parishes, but only one Kirk-Session ruled the town. 
It possessed some funds, and on the recommenda- 
tion of Balcanquall, minister of the High Kirk, 
who had taken a great interest in the College from 
its foundation, the Session agreed to hand a sum 
amounting to 8100 merks to the Council, on condi- 



72 OURB TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

tion that the latter body should pay the interest 
on the money, at 8 per cent, for the benefit of the 
College; and should, besides, hand to the College 
the "Mortcloth Dues" charged on all funerals in 
the city cemetery, the Greyfriars* Kirkyard. The 
Town Council further agreed to consult the " Minis- 
try" regarding all appointments of Principals and 
Eegents. 

At the same time as the funds of the College were 
increasing, buildings were being erected partly at the 
expense of the town, and partly by private bene- 
factors, many of whom were Magistrates and Coun- 
cillors of the city. In Craufurd's 'History' (p. 150) 
we have a list of the buildings erected before 1645 ; 
and in Gordon of Eothiemay's map of the city, pub- 
lished two years later, we see the general plan on 
which the buildings were laid out They occupied 
the greater portion of the space now filled by the 
present University, the ground to the east, up to the 
walls of the old Eoyal Infirmary, being gardens be- 
longing to the College. The buildings were grouped 
into three squares — a larger one to the south, and two 
smaller ones to the north ; but, in 1647, these squares 



1 



DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 73 

cannot all have been surrounded by houses. The 
buildings were occupied as class-rooms, library, and 
rooms for the students ; but at no time probably can 
there have been sleeping accommodation for the 
number of students who attended the College. 

There are two incidents in the early story of the 
College which its chronicler feels bound to notice — 
its temporary removal from Edinburgh, and the 
" christening " ceremony by its royal founder, King 
James. The visitations of the " plague " were at this 
time only too frequent, and the wooden "booths" 
which the magistrates ordered to be stored for future 
use, after the outbreak of 1585-86, had frequently to 
be brought out, and erected on the Burgh Muir, for 
the accommodation of the plague-stricken patients. 
In October 1644, " the plague of pestilence did break 
out in Edinburgh, but very slowly at first, as if it 
were inviting men to repentance." It continued all 
winter, and the College broke up in consequence, on 
the 3d May 1645, instead of in the end of August. By 
the beginning of October, the infection was " relent- 
ing," and the " Maisters of the University," assem- 
bling in the beginning of November, resolved to re- 



74 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

open the classes, but thought it safer to remove them 
to Linlithgow for the winter, until the city should be 
" purged of the remainder of the contagion." And so 
the old royal burgh was honoured by a visit from the 
College of Edinburgh, and Principal, Eegents, and 
students met in the " Great Kirk," where " five isles 
were allotted for the five classes, and inclosed with 
timber by the Colledge Thesaurer." There the Col- 
lege remained until the 17th March 1646, "being 
civilly and humanely used by the Magistrates and 
citizens of that town." Leaving Linlithgow, and 
taking only four days for their transport— wonderful 
speed, as the distance was quite sixteen miles ! — ^the 
College reassembled once more at the Kirk of Field 
to finish the session of 1645-46.^ 

The royal " christening " is a very amusing story, 
as funny as so many of the performances of the 
"wisest fool in Christendom." James only once 
revisited Scotland, after leaving it, in 1603, to take 
his place on the throne of the United Kingdoms. 
He came north to Edinburgh, in July 1617, but 
during his stay at Holyrood "the multitude of 

1 Crawfurd, pp. 156-169. 



DUEING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 75 

business " prevented him doing honour to the Col- 
lege. In Stirling, however, he had more leisure, and 
on the 29th July, the "Maisters of the Colledge" 
appeared before him and his Court in the Eoyal 
Chapel there.^ The Principal, Henry Charteris, 
"being naturally averse from- publick showes," did 
not take part ; but the Eegents of the time, and some 
past Regents, defended and impugned three " theses," 
— ^a style of school-examination-debating very much 
to the king's taste. He took part in the frays, and 
managed to find occasion for some of those playful 
" rubs " at his courtiers in which he delighted. After 
supper the king had most royal sport, for. being in 
the most sunny of humours, he honoured the perfor- 
mers in the debates by making puns on all their 
names. The quality of the jokes may be appreciated 
from the first — "Adam was the father of all ; and very 
fitly Adamson had the first part of this act." James 
was so much satisfied with the performance of the 
"Rectors," or it may be — ^if human nature were 
in the seventeenth what it is in the nineteenth 
century — ^he was so pleased with his own wit, and, 

^ Craufurd, p. 81 et seq. 



76 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

therefore, inclined to be exceeding gracious, that he 
promised the College a " Eoyall Godbaim's gift," and 
ordered that it should be called the "CoUedge of 
King James." The royal gift never reached the 
College — that may not have been James's fault, but 
because the royal banker, George Heriot, would not 
advance more money to his extravagant client ; but 
the royal " christening " took effect, as may be seen 
by those who read the inscription above the entrance 
to the University unto this day : " Academia Jacobi 
VI, Scotorum Eegis." 



77 



CHAPTEE IV. 

THE RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 

The College of Edinburgh is in truth the child of 
the Eeformation ; the great intellectual impulse 
which gave it birth being that wave of feeling which 
swept over Europe in the beginning of the sixteenth 
century, impelling men to reconsider the position in 
which they stood with regard to the Deity, and, face 
to face with that awakening, to reorder their theories 
regarding aU things temporal and spiritual. The 
next impulse was given by the ebb of that wave. 
The spring tide of the Beformation in England was 
the great Puritan revival ; and when, in the middle 
of the seventeenth century, the Puritans tried to rule 
England, and failed to understand her, the nation as 
a whole ceased for a while to think on heaven above. 



78 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

and the most active minds of the country turned to 
investigate the secrets of the seen world. The period 
which succeeded the Restoration is not a pleasant 
one to study for any man who has a belief in the 
enduring greatness of the English character : it 
would, however, be a still drearier time, if it were 
not that it is illumined by the names of Sir Isaac 
Newton, and of the men of science who, in astro- 
nomy, medicine, botany, philology, chemistry, and 
natural philosophy, laid the foundations on which 
our modem advances in science have been made. 

After the Restoration, our politicians sank lower, 
perhaps, than they have done before or since in any 
period of our history ; for we know of no other time 
when English statesmen were bought and sold by 
foreign Governments. The morals of the literary 
men, and literary women too, unfortunately, were so 
low that their best works can scarcely be read now ; 
and it was left to the scientists to redeem the period 
from contempt. It was the time of the institution 
of the Royal Society, and when science became 
caressed, and fashionable for King and Court. 

The second half of the seventeenth century was 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 79 

not a time for heroes in Scotland, and even the 
genius of Sir Walter Scott has failed, we fear, to 
make a true hero out of "Bonnie Dundee." The 
College of Edinburgh certainly did not produce, nor 
manage to discover, a great man at this period ; and 
its annals after the time of Henderson and the 
Covenanters are somewhat dull, with dulness of that 
kind which is not fraught with happiness. The 
time is marked, however, in Scotland, as in England, 
by a scientific revival ; and in the College of Edin- 
burgh the dawn began faintly to show in the midst 
of the thickest darkness, when, in 1674, there was 
appointed as Professor of Mathematics a young man 
of singular promise, named James Gregory. He 
died after- holding the Chair for less than two years, 
but was succeeded in 1683 by his nephew David 
Gregory, who is believed to have been the first 
teacher who in any school promulgated the scien- 
tific principles which Sir Isaac Newton had estab- 
lished in his 'Principia.' 

But the noblest service accomplished for the Col- 
lege of Edinburgh, during the latter half of the 
seventeenth century, was the work of laying the 



80 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

foundations on which was built, in the early part 
of the next century, the great Medical School of our 
University. This service was rendered by men out- 
side the College walls. The School of Medicine in 
the University of Edinburgh was the creation, not of 
the patrons or Senatus of the College, but of those 
who carried on the craft of healing in Edinburgh ; 
and the impulse was given by their desire to elevate 
their profession, and by the steps which they, in 
consequence, took to procure better and more syste- 
matic training for those who were to succeed them 
as surgeons and physicians. From the beginning of 
the sixteenth century, the Guild of Chirurgeons had 
been one of the most important in the city of Edin- 
burgh ; and from James VL's tune down until the 
Reform Bill, the Deacon of the Chirurgeons and his 
successor, the President of the College of Surgeons, 
sat in the Edinburgh Town Council During the six- 
teenth century, the members of the Guild practised 
the double art of setting limbs and cutting beards ; 
but during the seventeenth, the two professions were 
rapidly parting company, and in 1722 the barbers 
took the final steps for setting up a guild for them- 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 81 

selves, and left the surgeons to their own devices. 
The impulse which was given to the healing art by 
Harvey's pubKcation of his theory of the circulation 
of the blood, in 1628, took a considerable time to 
travel as far north as Scotland ; but by the end of 
the century it began to tell even on the hyperborean 
region of Edinburgh. 

The first apostle of Eeform in medical science is 
a very strange figure, a mixture of whimsical en- 
thusiast and man of science — Sir Eobert Sibbald. 
He is very happily described in his own words in 
Bower's 'History of the University' (chapter vii.), 
and in the pages of his compeer and rival, Dr Pit- 
cairn, who was the great practitioner of his day, 
and a very racy character.^ The latter laughs, in 
his pubUshed works, at Sibbald's science and at his 
credulity in matters of fact. Sibbald was really a 
most devoted servant of science ; he acted as Geog- 
rapher -Eoyal for Scotland, and Eoyal Physician, 
and made the attempt of publishing an account of 

^ See also Historical Sketch of the Royal College of Surgeons of 
Edinburgh, by John Gairdner, M.D., for much valuable informa- 
tion regarding Sibbald and Pitcairn. 

F 



82 OUKE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

the natural history and a description of the geog- 
raphy of Scotland. He performed two greater ser- 
vices to science when, abont 1666, he was the means 
of estabhshing the Physic Gardens, the progenitor 
of the Royal Botanic Gardens ; and in 1681, when, 
along with Pitcaim and others, he founded the Eoyal 
College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The Physic 
Gardens were started for the purpose of grovmig 
herbs for supplying the physicians of the town with 
drugs ; and the first experiment was made in part of 
the "North Yards in the Abbey, an enclosure of 
some forty feet every way." ^ Sibbald and the phy- 
sicians who acted with him procured the services of 
an excellent gardener of the name of James Suther- 
land; and in the little Abbey garden Sutherland soon 
collected a large number of medicinal plants. En- 
couraged by their success, the " undertakers " next 
procured from the Town Council a grant of the 
garden of Trinity Hospital, and it formed what 
was known as the Physic Gardens down almost to 
our own day. Both of these gardens are marked 
in Edgar's map of the city, — ^the one where the 

^ Bower, vol. L p. 863. 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 83 

Waverley Station now stands, the other imme- 
diately to the north of Holyrood. Sutherland re- 
ceived the title of Professor of Botany, and gave 
instruction in the Gardens to students and to the 
apprentices of the Surgeons' Corporation; but he was 
never directly connected with the College. The 
Gkirdens were soon stocked with plants, gifts from 
Scottish nobility and country gentlemen, and by 
presents and purchases of seed from abroad. 

The Physic Gardens were the work of Sibbald 
and his brethren among the physician-apothecaries, 
who were regarded somewhat as rivals by the 
ancient Guild of Chirurgeons, after the former had 
become a separate corporation under the title of the 
College of Physicians, in 1681. The next step to- 
ward securing better medical education was taken 
by the College of Surgeons. The Guild of Chir- 
urgeons had been in the habit of giving some 
kind of instruction to its apprentices, but now 
stirred with the new scientific fervour of the time, 
the old Guild began to modernise itself in vari- 
ous ways. In 1694, it obtained a Charter; and 
in 1695, an Act of the Scottish Parliament gave the 



Si OUKB TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Chirurgeons and Chirurgeon-apothecaries power to 
examine "all who practise anatomy, surgery, or 
pharmacy in the three Lothians, and the counties of 
Peebles, Selkirk, Eoxburgh, Berwick, and Fife." In 
the same year, in which William granted the charter, 
systematic instruction in Anatomy began. The Cor- 
poration of Surgeons was in this matter forestalled 
by an enterprising member of their society, named 
Alexander Monteath, who was first in the field, and 
obtained, on the 24th October 1694, a grant from 
the Town Council of " those bodies that dye in the 
Correction-House," and of " the bodies of foundlings 
that dye upon the breast." The members of the 
Corporation made a similar request ten days after ; 
but the rival schools did not long continue in oppo- 
sition, as Monteath retired from the field. 

In 1597, the Surgeons built a new hall, on the 
grounds of the Blackfriars, immediately to the south 
of the old High School. A sketch of the building, 
which was afterwards absorbed into the Eoyal In- 
firmary, will be found in Maitland's 'History of 
Edinburgh;' and also prefixed to an 'Historical 
Sketch of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of Edin- 



RISK OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 85 

burgh/ by Dr John Gairdner, from which most of 
our information regarding this matter is taken. It 
was in this quaint house, with its queer octagonal- 
shaped wiDgs, that the Edinburgh School of Medi- 
cine saw the light. At first, the lectures on anatomy 
were delivered by various members of the Corpor- 
ation. The Town Council regulations allowed a 
subject to be kept for ten days only, and each day 
a dififerent member of the "Surgeons" delivered a 
demonstration on a part of the body.^ But in 1705 
the course was altered, when the Corporation ap- 
pointed one of their number, Bobert Elliot, as sole 
lecturer, and he received from the Town Council an 
allowance of £15 per annum. He was followed by 
Drummond and M'Gill, who, in 1716, were chosen as 
joint-lecturers by the College of Surgeons, and re- 
ceived the title of Joiot-Prof essors of Anatomy from 
the Town. In 1720, a greater than these appeared 
on the scene, one who was to cut out a new path for 
himself, and who became the real founder of scientific 
medical teaching in Scotland — Alexander Monro. 
Before considering the career of Monro, and the 

^ See Edinburgh Anatomical School By J. Struthers, M.D. 



86 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

development of the University with regard to the 
teaching of medicine, we must turn for a moment to 
relate an important change which had been made in 
the position of the teachers of the College of Edin- 
burgh, The College had suflfered during the troubles 
and conflicts which arose in Scotland, especially in 
religious matters, after the Eestoration ; but yet its 
numbers in the end of the seventeenth century stood, 
according to Bower's calculation) about 500. The 
discipline had become somewhat lax, and a disagree- 
able dispute had arisen between the Eegents of the 
College and the Town Council as patrons, when, in 
1703, the town called William Carstares to act as 
Principal. He was a Presbyterian minister, who 
had stood up for liberty, and suflfered for his opin- 
ions in the time of Charles II., and who became, un- 
der William III., the trusted adviser of the Govern- 
ment in all matters connected with Scotland. A 
memoir of Carstares has been published within the 
last ten years by the Eev. Dr Story of Eosneath,^ and 
from the charming portrait by Jeens, which is pre- 

^ William Carstares : a Character and Career of the Revolu- 
tionary Epoch. By R. H. Story, Minister of Rosneath. 1874. 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 87 

fixed, he looks, what his history proves him to have 
been, a man capable of managing men by his tact and 
knowledge of the world, as well as of impressiog them 
by his character and uprightness. He had for years 
exerted his great influence with Government for the 
purpose of improving higher education in Scotland ; 
his administration of the College of Edinburgh 
proved most successful. During his time as Principal, 
the very important change was brought about of sub- 
stituting Professors, each teaching one subject, in the 
place of Eegents, who trained the students in the 
whole of the subjects for their M.A. course. The 
alteration was made by a Town Council minute of the 
16th June 1708, and the course for degree was to 
consist of two years in Languages and two in Phil- 
osophy.^ The Eegents in oflSce, according to senior- 
ity, had choice of professorships, and Latin, which 
before had been infra-academical, became the first 
year's class for the course. This change in the 
maimer of teaching opened the way for the develop- 
ment of the College during the eighteenth century. 

^ Bower's History of the University, vol. iL p. 70, where the 
minute of Council is given. 



88 OUKE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Our mention of the dispute between the Eegents 
of the College and the Patrons, in 1703, almost com- 
pels us to refer briefly to the position in which tae 
Town Council stood to the College of Edinburgh, snd 
to its management of the affairs of the College during 
the period when that institution was developing into 
what was in reality a University. This dispute has 
been made a good deal more of than is at all leces- 
sary, and much strong language has been wasted on 
the part which the Town Council played in it. The 
Town Council, in the dispute which Carstarea came 
in to settle, was certainly in the right, as fai as it 
objected to the Eegents following a course whieh was 
against all academic custom, that of laureating their 
students privately ; and the Council's presentation of 
a set of laws for Carstares' signature, an act which 
has been much animadverted on, was in reality no 
more than a formal act of asserting its rights of 
government, which the Eegents had attempted to 
impugn. The whole management of the financial 
afifairs of the College was still carried on by the 
College Committee of the Town Council, and all 
appointments of Professors and new regulations con- 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 89 

ceming the College were discussed and enacted at the 
ordinary meetings of Council, the minutes being full 
of such entries. It has been somewhat unfortunate 
for the cause of truth that all the histories of the 
University have emanated from the College, and an 
altogether natural and inevitable bias ha^ been given 
to the story. We cannot quote two higher authori- 
ties regarding the diflSculties which the Town Council 
had to overcome, and the tact and temper which it 
showed in the management of the College during the 
eighteenth century, than Sir Alexander Grant and Dr 
Gairdner. The former says — "But, in fact, almost 
every subsequent addition to the Faculty beyond the 
original eight Chairs met with determined opposition 
from existing Professors, owing to that conservatism 
to which allusion has been already made ; and thus 
improvements on the University system had to be 
forced upon the University from without." ^ While 
Dr Gairdner, speakiug to the College of Surgeons, 
says — " Sometimes the Council, at the suggestion of 
our representatives at its Board, took the lead in 

^ The Story of the University of Edinburgh. By Sir Alexander 
Grant, Bart. Vol. i. p. 321. 1884. 



90 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

appointing ; at other times we appointed first, and 
the Council followed ; in cdl cases there was perfect 
harmony between the dififerent classes of patrons." ^ 

We believe it would have been better both for the 
Town and for the University had the latter got an 
independent constitution a generation earlier than 
it did ; but we very much doubt if the great Medical 
School of Scotland would have arisen in Edinburgh if 
it had not been that the governing body was during 
the whole period singularly unfettered by prejudice, 
having no theories to carry out ; was very quick to 
recognise the wants of the time, and ready to take 
advice from and give its entire confidence to those 
in whom it believed ; while it must be pointed out 
how extremely well it chose the men in whom, as 
regards CoUege matters, it placed its trust. 

Alexander Monro, who, more than any other man, 
helped to build up the Medical School of Edinburgh, 
was only twenty-three years of age when he began 
his career as a teacher. He is a most remarkable 
example — perhaps an even more remarkable ex- 
ample than John Stuart Mill — of a man devoted 

^ Gairdner's College of Surgeons, p. 19. 



HISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 91 

almost from his birth to a particular pursuit, who 
fulfilled the design of his training. His father, John 
Monro, a member of the College of Surgeons, who 
had been in his earlier years an army surgeon, had 
conceived a very strong feeling regarding the necessity 
of improving medical education in Scotland. He dedi- 
cated his only son to the work, and trained him for 
it, at first under his own eye, and afterwards by 
sending him to study at the Continental schools, and 
in London under Cheselden, the first teacher of his 
day in England. Young Monro returned to Edin- 
burgh in 1719; next year the two Surgeons* Hall 
lecturers on Anatomy, Drummond and M*Gill, retired 
in his favour; and in January 1720 he received his 
appointment as Professor of the University from the 
Town Council, although he did not begin to lecture 
until the following October. 

Monro was from the first a wonderful success ; in 
fact, he seems to have been a man of genius and a 
bom teacher — one who thoroughly understood what he 
taught, and was most enthusiastic in his profession ; 
while he was able to impart his wide knowledge as 
well as his enthusiasm to those who listened to him. 



92 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

His simple manner and kindliness endeared him to 
all who came in contact with him. Bower tells a 
very pleasant story of the opening lecture of this 
very successful teacher. His friends in the profes- 
sion had done all in their power to support his 
opening lecture, and when Monro, then only twenty- 
three years of age, entered the theatre at the old 
Surgeons' Hall, he found himself face to face with 
the Lord Provost and Magistrates, and the Presidents 
and many of the members of the Colleges of Sur- 
geons and Physicians, besides his students. His lec- 
ture, which he had learned by heart, fled his memory, 
and, too proud to read from his manuscript, he feU 
back on his knowledge of the subject, and lectured 
without notes of any kind, a custom he kept up all 
his life. He began with 57 students, and his classes 
steadily increased, averaging, in the latter years of 
his life, about 150. He was succeeded as Professor 
of Anatomy by both son and grandson, and altogether 
the family filled the Chair for the long period of 126 
years— from 1720 to 1846. 

The second Alexander Monro was even more suc- 
cessful than his father; he inherited, of course, a 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 93 

great name as a teacher, but he seems, besides, to 
have had a vast store of "information — medical, 
surgical, physiological, and pathological," and a most 
animated and interesting style of imparting it. He 
joined his father as joint-Professor in 1758, and his 
father shortly after retired in his favour; he con- 
tinued lecturing for half a century, and in the ten 
years 1780-90 the yearly attendance of students 
numbered 342.^ If old John Monro, the army sur- 
geon, could have lived to see it, how proud he would 
have been to know that his purpose had been ful- 
filled — ^that a great medical school had been founded, 
and that, after his family had been lecturing for 
eighty years, his grandson was still so much of an 
idealist, and so little spoiled by success, as to be still 
dissatisfied with his lectures 1 With Professor Monro 
tertius the blood grew thinner : he, unlike his pre- 
decessors, was not a man of ability. 

Alexander Monro began lecturing in Surgeons' 
Hall, although he was recognised by the Town 
Council as Professor, and received from it a salary 
of £15 per annum. In 1722, his position was im- 

^ Struthers's Anatomical School, p. 26 et seq. 



94 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

proved, for, overawed by his success, the patrons 
broke through the general regulation which they had 
made only three years before, by creating Monro 
" Professor, ad vitam aut culpamJ' In 1725, another 
step toward the formation of the Medical School 
was made, when the Town Council granted Monro 
a " theatre for dissections " within the College build- 
ings ; and he removed thither from the Surgeons' 
Hall. The Greyfriars' Kirkyard had been violated 
some time before, and the citizens, blaming the 
Surgeons' Hall students, besieged that building. 
The Magistrates suppressed the riot, but Monro, 
dreading for his museum more perhaps than for 
himself, petitioned and obtained protection within 
the College walls.^ 

In 1726, an even more important advance was 
made. Two years previously, four Edinburgh phy- 
sicians, Messrs Eutherford, Sinclair, Plummer, and 
Innes, had petitioned the Town Council for a grant 
for ten years of the College Garden, which being 
neglected had fallen into disorder. On the 11th 
November 1724, the Town Council acceded to the 

^ Bower, vol. ii. p. 188. 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 95 

request; and in the beginning of 1726, the same 
four physicians presented another petition. They 
had begun lecturing beside Monro in the Sur- 
geons' Hall, after careful training for the work at 
Leyden under Boerhaave, and now being deserted 
by Monro, they desired to follow him. The Town 
Council considered the request, and agreed to it ; and 
the minute of the 9th February 1726 thus became 
in reality the Charter of the Medical School of 
Edinburgh. The minute ^ " nominates Andrew Sin- 
clair and John Eutherford professors of the theory 
and practice of medicine, and Andrew Plummer and 
John Innes professors of medicine and chemistry in 
the College of Edinburgh," recounting that they had 
been teaching for some time previously with success, 
under the patronage of the Council. The minute 
then gives these four professors " full power to ex- 
amine candidates, and to do every other thing requi- 
site and necessary to the graduation of doctors of 
medicine, as amply and fully, and with all the 
solemnities, that the same is practised and done 

^ We should have placed this minute in the Appendix, if it were 
not easily accessible in Bower, vol. ii. p. 205. 



96 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

by the professors of medicine in any College or 
University whatsoever." A curious fact may be 
noted regarding this veiy important minute. It 
had been prepared in draft by the Town Clerk, 
but he had omitted to engross it in the Town's 
minute-book ; but, twenty-one years after, in August 
1747, the omission was detected, and the minute 
inserted by vote of Council, it having been men- 
tioned that several members of Council who had 
been present at the meeting were able to guarantee 
its genuineness. 

On the same day on which the four professors of 
medicine were nominated, the Town Council made 
another important appointment, this minute being 
inserted in its proper order. It nominated Joseph 
Gibson, a member of the College of Surgeons, and 
a practitioner in Leith, "Town's Professor of Mid- 
wifery," and enacted that in future no one shall 
practise midwifery who has not presented the 
Magistrates with a certificate of competency, signed 
by " one doctor and one surgeon, who are at the time 
members of the College of Physicians or Incorpora- 
tion of Chirurgeons." Before this time midwives 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 97 

were chiefly employed, and in many eases they 
were very incompetent.^ The town did not grant 
Gibson any salary, and it is not known where he 
lectured, — certainly not within the College bounds, — 
but his successor, Eobert Smith, became professor in 
the University and member of Senatus. Professor 
Simpson expresses his belief that Gibson was the 
first Professor of Obstetrics appointed in Europe.^ 
We have recounted three important steps toward 
the formation of a Medical School — the found- 
ing of the Physic Gardens, the beginning of the 
School of Anatomy, and the institution of medical 
degrees. There was yet a fourth step to be taken 
before the school was fully equipped for teaching — 
a great hospital required to be established. This 
important work was carried out through the energy 
of two most remarkable men — ^Professor Monro and 
Provost Drummond. 

It is impossible to speak of George Drummond with- 
out recalling to mind his great services to the city of 

^ History of the Chairs of Midwifery and the Diseases of Women 
and Children in the University of Edinburgh. An Introductory 
Lecture by Professor Alexander Simpson. 1883. 

' History of Midwifery, p. 9. 

G 



98 OUEE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Edinburgh ; but here we have only to record the* debt 
which the University owes to him. He was Provost 
in 1726, the year in which the Medical Faculty 
was instituted, and until his death in 1766, he con- 
tinued to watch over and to foster the Town's Col- 
lege. Of all the services he conferred on it, perhaps 
none is greater than the share which he took in pro- 
moting the building of the Edinburgh Eoyal Infir- 
mary. The story is a very pleasant one to read, and 
is nowhere better told than in Maitland's * History,' 
in the quaint words which Maitland borrows from 
one of the pamphlets of the time — " Two letters from 
a gentleman in Edinburgh to his friend in the coun- 
try." In 1721, the year after Monro commenced 
teaching in the College of Surgeons, a futile attempt 
was made to start an hospital. Four years later, the 
College of Physicians took the matter up, and com- 
menced collecting funds, and gradually gathered 
suflScient money to enable it to open a small house 
for the accommodation of patients in August 1729. 
This hospital was attended gratuitously by six 
surgeons, foremost among whom was Alexander 
Monro. The stock of the Infirmary gradually in- 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 99 

creased, until the managers were warranted in ap- 
plying for a charter, which was granted by George 
II. on the 25th August 1736. It was then resolved 
to proceed with a larger hospital, and in August 
1738, the foundation was laid of that old building 
in Infirmary Street, in which so much sickness and 
pain have been relieved. 

The managers began the work very much on faith, 
as they had not sufficient money provided to carry 
it on very far ; but enthusiasm like that of George 
Drummond and Alexander Monro must ever be 
infectious, and money came in as it was needed. 
Drummond and Monro were constituted the Works 
Committee, and paid the workmen with their own 
hands ; and although at the beginning of the week 
they did not always know how the wages were to be 
paid at the end of it, money some way or other 
always was found. Contributions were received 
both in cash and in kind, many giving " stones, lime, 
wood, and slates," while the neighbouring farmers 
lent carts and horses without charge; "and such 
was the generosity of the proprietors of the plate- 
glass houses at Newcastle-upon-Tine, that they gave 



100 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

a quantity of glass sufficient to glaze all the win- 
dows in the body of the house." "Considerable 
remittances were made from abroad, not only in 
Europe, but America ; but especially from England 
and Ireland ; " while many workmen gave their 
labour gratis to carry on so good an undertaking, 
working a day a-week without pay. 

The Infirmary, as opened in 1741, was certainly 
a noble institution to have been created in a town 
which cannot then have numbered much over 30,000 
inhabitants,^ and was certainly more in keeping 
with the lofty ideas of its founders than with the 
size of the city of Edinburgh. It contained accom- 
modation in the house, which we know so well, for 
228 beds, " besides cells for mad people," consulting- 
rooms for physicians and surgeons, waiting-rooms 
for students, and a theatre " where upwards of 200 
students may see chirurgical operations." The first 
little 'History of the Infirmary,' published in 1749, 
goes on to recite that the managers felt bound to 
throw its benefits open to the sick and hurt of all 

^ Lecky*s History of England in the Eighteenth Century, voL 
ii. p. 88. 



RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 101 

nationalities and religions, because the means for 
building had been contributed from far and near. 
The two men by whose energy and fervid faith the 
Edinburgh Eoyal Infirmary was brought into being, 
need no other monument than it, as long as it exists 
and spreads its " wings of healing " over the country. 

In the winter of 1746, John Eutherford, the 
Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, 
instituted a course of clinical lectures in the In- 
firmary, and probably these would have been begun 
sooner but for the fact that the town had been in 
the hands of Prince Charlie during the winter of 
1745-46, and all government, civic and otherwise, 
pretty well at an end, the Infirmary being used as 
a military hospital. There is an old bullet in the 
gable of a house in the Castle Hill, to remind 
citizens of the time when once more the Castle 
was held for one king and the town for another. 

Such is the story of the gradual growth of the 
Medical School of the University of Edinburgh. 
It did not come into being at the command of 
any one man — King, Provost, or Scientist; it was 
moulded by the Town Council, at the request and 



102 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

according to the ideas of the medical practitioners 
of the town, and it took the thoroughly practical 
shape it did, because they best knew what medical 
education was needed by town and country. As 
long as disease and sufifering remain to excite men's 
sympathy, and to move their higher nature, we 
believe that there will always be found teachers 
to uphold the fame of the school which Alex- 
ander Monro founded ; and that citizens will never 
fail who are fitted to guide the afifairs and to 
maintain the noble catholicity of the hospital, 
whose completion crowned the labours of Greorge 
Drummond. 



ii 



103 



CHAPTER V. 

THE BRILLIANT PERIOD UNDER PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON. 

We feel as if we were getting near home, in our 
journey through the History of the University, when 
we come into the second half of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, and find ourselves among the men whom Dr 
Carlyle of Inveresk knew, — and his keen eye " knew 
a man," just as King Harry's did; and whom Dr 
Somerville, of Jedburgh, visited occasionally; and 
with whom Major Topham " tabernacled awhile." The 
men and the women of the time are very real to us ; 
for has not John Kay sketched them — and sketched 
their characters, too, in their faces ? and we can quite 
fancy that they would suit Dr Johnson much better 
than Eobert Bums — ^that they would " argufy " with a 
" pour of words " sufl&cient to satisfy the great Samuel, 



104 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

while it was quite likely that they might prove some- 
what chilly and critical to the open-faced young poet 
whom they " lionised " for a time. There is, besides, 
another link between us and the brilliant literay 
circle, partly within, partly without, the College 
walls, which Principal Eobertson, and Ferguson, and 
Blair, and David Hume, and Adam Smith, and Lord 
Hailes, and John Home adorned — for among them 
was bom, when the century was getting old, that 
"lealest" of Edinburgh men, Walter Scott; and is 
he not still remembered by our fathers, as he 
" hirpled " up the Mound to take his familiar place 
in Court — or wandered, with his dogs at heel, through 
his beloved Tweedside, where his spirit seems still to 
dwell, too native to the soil to be scared away, even 
by steam-engines and mill whistles ? 

To most Scotsmen, Walter Scott is, indeed, the 
bridge which carries their memories back from this 
present time of hard work and growing wealth, of 
household franchise and police bills, to the old time 
of civil war and deep poverty, — ^the time when Scot- 
land was ruled by the Duke of Argyll or Lord Mel- 
ville. Scott knew the men who had been out in the 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 105 

'45, and '15 too ; and he lived to see the great 
revolution of which the Eefonn Bill of 1832 was 
but the sign. And when we think on our own town, 
we remember that he was born in the Old CoUege 
Wynd, right opposite the quaint square tower which 
surmounted the gate of the College ; that the College 
Wynd was then the main road to the queer scram- 
bling old CoUege in which he was taught ; and that 
he lived to see a new road made to the College, high 
above the old Cowgate, and a new College arise 
slowly and painfully to take the place of the old 
class-rooms in which he had carried on his studies 
in a somewhat desultory way. 

We cannot fix our minds on any phase of the 
history of Scotland or of the history of Edinburgh 
during the eighteenth century, without recalling to 
our minds that big Edinburgh advocate, whom Dr 
John Brown paints for us, "lame, nimble, and all 
rough and alive with power." ^ He — ^the greatest 
historical genius whom Scotland has ever pro- 
duced, understood these -eighteenth-century men and 
women as we can never do, and hsus painted them 

^ From Marjorie Fleming. 



106 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

as pen wHl never paint them again —the knightly 
Jacobite lairds and their stately ladies ; the simple, 
true-hearted, not over-fervent ministers ; the keen- 
tongued lawyers, who hid their learning and hard 
study under the cloak of " high jinks ; " the devout, 
somewhat prosy burgesses, with the flavour of the 
Westminster Confession still, about them; and their 
pure-minded daughters, in whom charity took its 
just place as the first of Christian graces. 

We need to understand something of the blaze of 
Kterary glory which encircled our town in the end 
of the last and beginning of the present century, 
besides studying the list of the Senatus Academicus 
of the time, before we can realise the true reasons of 
the fact that, although the numbers graduating in 
Arts had dwindled away, the numbers of " Literary " 
students were nearly as large as those of the Medical, 
who were drawn to the school by the fame of the 
Monros, the Gregorys, and Cullen. If it were within 
our powers, it would be " a labour of love " to draw, 
not only the lives of the great men who, as Principal 
and Professors, raised the fame of our University so 
high in Arts and Medicine and Law, but also the 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 107 

picture of the Edinburgh society of the time in its 
literary and social side, and of the Town, which was 
pulling down its old sixteenth-century houses, and 
bridging over its deep valleys ; and which, still poor, 
though not quite so impecunious as it had been two 
centuries before, then set itself to rebuild the old 
College on the Kirk of Field. 

We have tried, in a very " extra-mural " way, to 
tell the simple story of the rise of the Medical 
School — we are too proud of the story to seek to 
adorn it; we desire now to recount the success 
of the University during the period succeeding 
the appointment of William Eobertson as Prin- 
cipal. 

While the Medical School was being formed, the 
Arts and Law Faculties were being developed, until, 
by the end of last century, the Professorial stafif, in 
its four Faculties, as far as teaching for degrees was 
concerned, was nearly as strong as it is at present. 
When the change from Eegents to Professors was 
made in 1708, the four Regents of the time became 
Professors of Greek, Logic, Natural Philosophy, and 
Moral Philosophy, while the Professor of Humanity, 



108 OUKE TOXJNIS COLLEDGE. 

who had up to this time been little more than a 
tutor, had his status raised to a level with the other 
Professors. Mathematics, which had fallen into 
weak hands since the death of the second Gregory, 
was made one of the most important factors in the 
University training, when a man of very rare ability, 
Colin M'Laurin, was appointed to the Chair in 1725, 
the same year in which Alexander Monro obtained 
a lecture-room within the College gates. A very 
interesting sketch of M'Laurin will be found in 
Chambers's * Eminent Scotsmen.' He did very much 
to raise the fame of the Edinburgh University, as he 
was one of the most prominent upholders of the 
Newtonian theory. Dr Carlyle says of him — "He 
made mathematics a favourite study, which was felt 
afterwards in the war that followed, in 1743, when 
nine-tenths of the engineers of the army were Scottish 
officers."^ We owe to him, besides, the first pro- 
posals for the Edinburgh Observatory, which he ad- 
vocated for the purpose of advancing the study of 
astronomy in Scotland. M'Laurin was, above all, a 

^ Autobiography of the Rev. Dr Alexander Carlyle, Minister of 
Inveresk, p. 32. Third edition. 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 109 

singularly genial man and good citizen, and brought 
on the disease of which he died, by exposing himself 
to wind and weather, in laying out fortifications, 
which proved, however, of little avail against Prince 
Charlie and his kilted warriors. M*Laurin died in 
the year of Culloden, 1746. 

In 1760, the Arts Faculty was further strengthened 
by the institution of a Professorship of Rhetoric, 
and the University was singularly fortunate in the 
appointment to the Chair of the well-known Hugh 
Blair, minister of the Tron Kirk, whose sermons had 
a widespread fame at the end of last century ; every 
one who knows Edinburgh libraries, pubKc or private, 
still admires at least the outside of Blair's Sermons, 
usually handsomely bound in calf. 

Of the rise of the Law Faculty little need be said 
here, as there was given to it from the beginning a 
limitation of aim which it has never lost, and which 
prevents its history being interesting to the general 
pubKc. It arose out of the desire of the legal bodies, 
especially the Faculty of Advocates,for more systematic 
legal education, and took the place of the classes which 
had up to this time been privately taught. Unfortu- 



110 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

nately, however, the course was laid out for the exclu- 
sive benefit of Scottish — ^we might almost say Edin- 
burgh — lawyers, which has prevented our Edinburgh 
School of Law drawing students from abroad, with 
the single exception of Mauritius, and prevented it 
ranking, either in numbers or in fame, by the side of 
our Literary and Medical Schools. Suffice it to say 
here, that the Chair of Public Law was instituted in 
1707, CivU Law in 1710, History in 1719, and Scottish 
Law in 1722, the other Chairs of the Faculty being 
founded in the beginning of this century. A more 
detailed account of the foundation of the Faculty will 
be found in Sir Alexander Grant's ' Story,' vol. i. pp. 
282-292. The Faculty of Divinity continued during 
the eighteenth, as it was at the end of the preceding 
century, with three Professors — Divinity, Hebrew, 
and Church History; but the teaching of all these 
branches seems to have been neither very earnest 
nor very thorough. 

Of the state of the University during the first half 
of last century there is to be found much interesting 
and amusing information in the pages of the ' Auto- 
biography of Dr Carlyle,' and in Somerville's ' Life 



PRINCIPAL Robertson's period. ill 

and Times/ It was the time when old forms were 
giving way to new, and when the genius of Monro, 
and business capacity of Provost Drummond, were 
telling on all departments of University teaching. 
Latin was gradually yielding place to English as 
the medium of communication ; for Somerville, who 
entered the College in 1757, states that his chief 
objection to Stevenson's Lectures on Logic was 
" their being composed in Latin ; " and, further, that 
Dr Cuming, Professor of Church History, delivered 
his lectures in Latin ; " but after the first, the Pro- 
fessor began every prelection by recapitulating the 
preceding one in English. This practice seemed to 
imply a concession to the opinion I have stated with 
regard to the preference due to the use of the ver- 
nacular language in academical teaching." ^ It seems 
to have been the influence of Monro which finally 
gained the victory for English, for Dr Somerville 
tells us of the great influence of Monro's teaching. 
" He lectured in English. His style was fluent, ele- 
gant, and perspicuous, and his pronunciation per- 

^ My own Life and Times, 1741-1814, by Thomas Somerville, D.D., 
Minister of Jedburgh, pp. 12 and 19. 



112 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

haps more correct than that of any public speaker 
in Scotland at this time."^ 

From both Carlyle's and Somerville's accounts we 
gather that the teaching as a whole was very defi- 
cient in many branches, and that the students fol- 
lowed their own devices in the choice of classes, as 
graduation in Arts was almost unknown. Carlyle 
says, for instance, that he did not attend Greek at 
College because it was taught "by an old sickly 
man," and that M'Laurin lectured on Natural Philo- 
sophy " on account of the advanced age and incapa- 
city of Sir Eobert Stewart," ^ who held the Chair ; 
while Somerville informs us that " few of the divinity 
students " attended the lectures on Church History, 
as attendance was not an "indispensable qualifica- 
tion for probationary trials." It was on this some- 
what slackly governed institution that Provost Drum- 
mond exercised his administrative powers in the 
middle of the century. " The fame and success of 
Dr Monro suggested to Provost Drummond that the 
welfare of the city and University might be greatly 

^ Somerville, p. 21. 

2 Carlyle's Autobiography, pp. 43 and 50. 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 113 

promoted by due care being taken in the appoint- 
ments to the Medical Chairs, which he proposed 
should thenceforth be invariably filled by the fittest 
men, irrespectively of personal influence." His 
" liberal plan of exercising patronage " being adopted, 
« the unportance of extending the same advantages 
to all the other branches of science was obvious. 
Dr Robertson was placed at the head of the Uni- 
versity." ^ 

William Robertson, who, as Principal, ruled the 
University of Edinburgh during, perhaps, the most 
brilliant period of her history, is portrayed to us, the 
real, Uving, breathing man, ,in the autobiographies of 
his contemporaries. It is easier for us, however, to 
imagine the man as he appeared in the pulpit of the 
Old Greyfriars', or as he talked among his intimate 
friends in the " Select Club " or the " Poker," than to 
understand the estimate in which he was held by the 
Scotland and England of his time. To Edinburgh 
men, Dr Robertson was not only the Principal of 
the College, but one of the most popular preachers 
of his day. His sermons seem to have been eloquent 

1 Somerville, pp. 22, 23. 
H 



lU OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGK 

and polished, and he excelled, as we might expect, in 
explaining passages of Scripture, " particularly such 
as were narrative and historical." ^ To Scotsmen as 
a whole, Dr Eobertson, as one of the foremost eccle- 
siastical politicians, and as a leader of the Assembly 
of the Church, occupied a more important and con- 
spicuous place than his successors in the Assembly 
now fill ; for the Assembly was then the field for the 
exercise of the eloquence and dialectic powers of the 
first Scotsmen of the time. To the country generally, 
Dr Eobertson was known as the author of the most 
widely read histories written during last century — 
books which are still read and admired by all lovers 
of literature, although, as historical works, they have 
been in great measure superseded by later labourers 
in the same field. Lockhart, looking back at Eobert- 
son from the generation immediately succeeding, very 
justly estimates the influence of his life and works 
on the country : " Of Eobertson nothing need be said. 
His genius would have made him an object of rever- 
ence in any age and country; and in the age and 
country in which he did appear, there were a, thousand 

^ Somerville, p. 61. 



PRINCIPAL EOBERTSON'S PERIOD. 116 

circumstances which could not fail to enhance the 
natural value of his great and splendid genius. He 
was one of the most elegant, and he was by far the 
most popular, of the authors of his day in Britain ; 
and he formed in public estimation the centre of a 
brilliant constellation, which rose with him on the 
hitherto dark horizon of the literature of Scotland." ^ 
Like his eminent predecessor Carstares, Eobertson 
seems to have shown the very highest qualities as 
the governing head of a great school. With many 
of the Professors he lived on terms of close intimacy, 
with all on terms of friendship; while from the 
patrons, both during George Drummond's time and 
afterwards, he seems to have received hearty support ; 
or, perhaps, we may rather say, that his opinions 
and wishes, both regarding the management of the 
University and appointment of Professors, were 
almost invariably deferred to by the Town Council. 
In fact, the Town Council continued the management 
of the finance of the University, and allowed the 
internal management to be carried on by the Prin- 
cipal and Professors. 

^ Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, vol. iii p. 41. 



116 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

William Eobertson was appointed Principal on 
the 10th March 1762, being at that time minister of 
Lady Tester's Church, to which charge he had been 
translated from Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. He 
continued to act as Principal until 1793, and during 
these years he was also one of the Edinburgh clergy, 
— as, in 1764, he exchanged the charge of Lady 
Tester's Church for the more important one of 
Old Greyfriars', where he officiated by the side of 
one of his rivals in the leadership of the Church 
— ^Dr Erskine. The University of Edinburgh owes 
very much to Principal Eobertson, and, as we shall 
see hereafter, one of the most important of his 
services was his long struggle to obtain larger and 
more suitable buildings for the College over which 
he presided. 

When Dr Eobertson entered the University in 
1762, there was already formed in it the nucleus of 
the distinguished band of men who were to raise the 
fame of the Edinburgh Schools to that high point 
from which they have never again altogether fallen. 
The Literary School, or Faculty of Arts, was already 
adorned by Adam Ferguson and Hugh Blair, and to 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 117 

these were added the yet more illustrious names of 
Dugald Stewart and John Playfair. 

Adam Ferguson, the historian of the * Eoman Re- 
public/ and Hugh Blair, the author of the well- 
known " Sermons," were men of almost first-rate im- 
portance in the literary history of their time, though 
their names are little known now, save to students of 
English literature, or to those who love to dwell over 
the history of our town during the last century. They 
had, however, an important share in the work of 
raising the fame of the Edinburgh University through- 
out the country ; for they were widely known among 
the educated of the three kingdoms, while in the 
brilliant literary circle of the Scottish capital they 
occupied a most distinguished place. Adam Fergu- 
son is feelingly referred to by Sir Walter Scott, who 
was the life-long friend of his son. Sir Adam, and he 
stands out among Carlyle's portraitures a statuesque 
and attractive figure. He had been an army chap- 
lain in his youth, and proved himself a fit and proper 
parson to minister to the "fighting 42d." At the 
battle of Fontenoy, as Scott tells us, being ordered to 
the rear by the colonel, along with the other non- 



118 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

combatants, he pitched his commission, with an oath, 
at his commanding-oflftcer, and shared the danger of 
the day along with the regiment, which suffered 
dreadfully in that disastrous battle.^ The oath and 
the breach of discipline were pardoned the bellig- 
erent minister, and he lived until 1816, filling the 
Chairs of Natural Philosophy from 1759 to 1764, 
and of Moral Philosophy from 1764 to 1785. He 
cannot have been a successful Professor, but he 
shone among the literary circle of his time ; and his 
high-breeding and somewhat haughty reserve, his 
good taste and literary ability, are all described in 
the pages of his contemporaries. 

Of Hugh Blair we have already spoken. He is 
most lovingly described by "Jupiter" Carlyle, and 
his amiable, kind character is placed in agreeable 
contrast to Dr Eobertson's greater self-assertion; 
for he was one who eminently suited a good talker 
like Carlyle, delighting to play the host and " draw 
out distinguished guests." "'Did not I show you 
the lion well to-day?' used he to say after the 
exhibition . of a remarkable stranger." ^ He was a 

1 Lockhart's Life of Scott, vol. v. p. 201, note. ^ Carlyle, p. 292. 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 119 

man equally fitted to soothe the feelings of men 
as opposite in character as Dr Johnson and Eobert 
Bums. 

But perhaps the greatest " literary " teacher of his 
day in the University was Dugald Stewart. He was 
appointed to assist his father as Professor of Mathe- 
matics in 1772, and in 1775 he became sole Profes- 
sor. But it is not as a teacher of mathematics that 
Dugald Stewart is known. In 1785 he was trans- 
ferred to the Chair of Moral Philosophy, which he 
continued to fill until 1810, when he retired in 
favour of his pupil, Dr Thomas Brown. He began 
teaching when only nineteen years of age, and 
during the long period in which he filled the Chairs 
of Mathematics and Moral Philosophy, his name 
was a tower of strength to Edinburgh University. 
His works on mental philosophy stamp him as one 
of the greatest men of the eighteenth century, while 
the beauty and eloquence of his speech, and the 
amiability of his personal character, made him be- 
loved and revered as a Professor. He looks out on 
us from Sir Harry Eaebum's canvas a singularly 
kind as well as able man. It was perhaps Dugald 



120 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Stewart's fame more than that of any other man 
which drew students, high and low, from all parts of 
the world to the Arts classes of our University. We 
know that many of the most distinguished statesmen 
of the succeeding generation — ^Melbourne, Palmer- 
ston. Lord John Eussell — ^were attracted to Edin- 
burgh as students in great measure by Dugald 
Stewart's fame: and we find that the numbers of 
students in "Literature" rapidly increased during 
the period embraced in Eobertson's time as Princi- 
pal, and in the years following. In 1791 the 
number of "literary" students was 473; while in 
1809-10 it had risen to 805, and for the succeeding 
twelve years averaged nearly 800.^ 

One other name we must briefly refer to — ^that of 
John Playfair — as he belongs in some measure to 
Eobertson's period in the University. He was 
appointed Professor of Mathematics in succession to 
Stewart in 1785, and twenty years after was trans- 
ferred to the Chair of Natural Philosophy. His 
works on physical science are well known ; and as 
a man he is drawn for us by Lord Cockbum as 

' See Third Appendix to Craufurd's History. 



PRINCIPAL ROBERTSON'S PERIOD. 121 

"the admired of all men, and the beloved of all 
women." ^ 

While the " literary " side of Edinburgh Univer- 
sity was thus rising into fame, the Medical Faculty 
was being strengthened by the addition of other 
great teachers worthy to be remembered by the side 
of the Monros, father and son. Of the fame of the 
Monros we have already spoken. Alexander Monro, 
secundus, succeeded his father as Professor of Anat- 
omy in 1758, and as a teacher he was at least as 
successful as his predecessor in the Chair ; while as 
a medical practitioner he was one of the best known 
of Edinburgh doctors. 

There were associated with the Monros in raising 
the fame of the School of Medicine three other dis- 
tinguished men — ^William Cullen, and the Gregorys, 
father and son. William Cullen had been called to 
the Chair of Chemistry in 1755 ; but it is as Pro- 
fessor of the Institutes of Medicine, to which he was 
appointed in 1766, and afterwards as Professor of 
the Practice of Physic, to which he succeeded in 
1773, that he became "one of the most illustrious 

^ Memorials of His Time, by Lord Cockbum, p. 264. 



122 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Professors that the University has had to boast of/' 
He continued his labours until 1789, when he re- 
tired, after serving the University for thirty -four 
years. His outward man will be found portrayed 
in Kay's Portraits, — ^for he was a well known Edin- 
burgh physician, as well as, perhaps, "the greatest 
medical teacher of the end of last century." 

The name of the other great medical teachers of 
the time of Eobertson — the Gregorys — ^is indeed a 
household word in Scotland. The father, John 
Gregory, was of the same family as the two dis- 
tinguished men who held the Chair of Mathematics 
in the preceding century, and who did so much to 
spread the knowledge of Newton's Scientific Prin- 
ciples in Scotland. John Gregory was appointed 
Professor of the Practice of Physic in 1766, having 
previously filled the Chair of Medicine in Aberdeen. 
He survived his appointment for only seven years, as 
he died suddenly in 1773 ; but, three years after, his 
son James was called to fill the Chair of the Institutes 
of Medicine, and in 1790, James Gregory was trans- 
ferred to that which his father had held. He was a 
very well known Scottish physician, and is popularly 



PKINCIPAL EOBERTSON'S PERIOD. 123 

remembered by the most accessible of his works- 
Gregory's Mixture. He seems to have been a bom 
intellectual pugilist, as other physicians have been 
since his day, and sinned against Major Pendennis's 
advice, " Never commit yourself to paper," by writ- 
ing pamphlets, which Lord Cockbum characterises 
as "powerful, but wild and personaL" The same 
genial writer describes him as "a curious and ex- 
cellent man, a great physician, a great lecturer, a 
great Latin scholar, and a great talker; vigorous 
and generous ; large of stature, and with a strikingly 
powerful countenance/*^ The house in which he 
Hved, with its bonny green lawns and shady trees, 
is among us still ; and his is a figure which old men 
yet remember, as he lived until 1821, serving the 
University for forty-five years. 

There are other men, well known to their country- 
men, and to many beyond the bounds of Scotland, 
of whom we should like to treat at length: 
Erskine, who so long filled the Chair of Scots Law, 
and whose ' Institutes * is still the " familiar friend " 
of every Scottish lawyer ; Tytler, whose history we 

^ Cockbum's Memorials, p. 105. 



124 OUKE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

all know so well, even those of us who have never 
read it ; and Black, who was the forerunner of the 
modem school of chemists. 

Such are the chief of the brilliant names which 
raised the fame of "oure tounis Colledge" to the 
high place it occupied during the sixty years suc- 
ceeding Principal Eobertson's appointment. The 
numbers which flocked to it show the reputation in 
which it stood, and are very astonishing if we take 
into account the population of the country at the 
time. " In 1768, the numbers are described as be- 
tween 500 and 600 ; " ^ while in the Ust given in the 
third appendix to Professor Craufurd's * History,' we 
have the roll from 1791 to 1821. In the former 
year, 1279 students matriculated; and during the 
thirty years, the number had risen to 2182. 

^ Sir Alexander Grant's Story. 



125 



CHAPTER VI. 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 



But there were other reasons why Edinburgh should 
become, perhaps, the most important educational 
centre of the time. Its reputation as an intellectual 
city, from the brilliant literary circle which lived 
in it, and its fame as a fashionable resort, drew to it 
young men who were intended for the most refined 
and elevated walks in life. The town and its in- 
habitants aided the Principal and Professors. It 
is not easy to imagine the town in which David 
Hume wrote his history, and Blair preached his 
sermons; and where Adam Smith's most intimate 
friends lived ; and in which Boswell received John- 
son, exulting in the thought " that I now had him 
actually in^^Caledonia " ; and where all those delight- 



126 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

fill tender-hearted old Judges lived — ^Braxfield, and 
Eskgrove, and Monboddo ; and the dear, high-man- 
nered, strong - tongued old dames whom Eobert 
Chambers has drawn to the life. Both outside and 
inside, in its houses and in their inhabitants, the old 
Edinburgh of Eobertson's time was worthy of study. 
"We know how it looked to Major Topham when he 
visited it in 1774, the time in which Provost Drum- 
mond's improvements were just beginning to take 
efifect. The traveller describes how he arrives at 
the "best inn in the metropolis," situated in the 
Pleasance, and is received " by a poor devil of a girl, 
without shoes and stockings," whose dress the nasty 
fastidious Englishman thinks rather scanty, because 
it consists of " a single petticoat, which just reached 
halfway to her ankles." ^ The stupid stranger, grum- 
bling,asEngUshmen always do, cannot understand how 
" a city, now little inferior in politeness to London in 
many respects, should not be better furnished with 
conveniences for strangers." ^ He describes to us the 
tall houses, often nine storeys high to the front, and 

^ Letters from Edinburgh, written in the years 1774-75, during 
a six months' residence in Edinburgh. 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 127 

twelve, and in one case thirteen to the back; and 
relates — who can describe ? — ^the smell of the closes, 
and the difficulties and dangers of descending them ; 
and he paints for us a tall "land," "each storey 
checkered with ten thousand diflferent forms and 
colours," from the signs portraying the wares sold 
within by the " merchants." He tells us how the 
lower " flats," including the cellars, are dedicated to 
the shopkeepers, " and^ the higher houses are pos- 
sessed by the genteeler people," each storey forming 
a separate house. He is the author of that oft re- 
peated tale of the Scottish gentleman of good birth, 
who had lived in Edinburgh most of his life, and 
took a journey to far-off London : how he naturally 
secured apartments as near the sky as he could get, 
in that " low " city, and would not be induced to de- 
scend, because " he ken'd vary weel what gentility was, 
and when he had lived aU his life in a sexth storey, 
he was not come to London to live upon the groimd." 
He tells of the abounding hospitality which he re- 
ceived in these elevated mansions; he praises the 
men, "none of whom are without some learning, 
but you rarely meet a great and deep scholar," and 



128 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

the young women, who are all "handsome, but 
none that would be chosen by a Guido or a Titian." 
It is somewhat surprising that, with such pretty 
girls, so gallant a man as Major Topham should 
have objected to the singularly amiable custom 
which demanded that a gentleman on entering a 
company should salute all the ladies on the cheek : 
perhaps it was because " you rarely find a woman 
above twenty tolerably inviting." 

"We know that this picture of the Edinburgh life of 
the middle of the century is fairly correct ; for it is 
corroborated by many other witnesses, and Dr Somer- 
ville " caps " any of Topham's stories by his account 
of the horror of an English Cabinet Minister, who was 
received at the Lord President's house by a " female 
porter without stockings or shoes." ^ Men and women 
of strong individuality and keen wit, some of them 
really highly educated, and many of them with the 
pride of birth, and " separateness," arising from their 
holding as a religion the devotion to an exiled royal 
house, must have had all their peculiarities strength- 
ened, and their prejudices deepened, and their tongues 

^ Somerville's Life, p. 326. 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 129 

sharpened by this strange, cooped -up, unnatural 
manner of life. We know that it was so. The 
people lived so close to one another, met so often, 
understood each other so well, that in every wordy 
battle every stroke could be a home-thrust. Cham- 
bers has recorded for us the virtues of old Lady 
Liovat, who was apt to frighten strangers, but who 
kept open house for all her poor Highland relatives 
in a "fourth storey at the head of Blackfriars' 
Wynd"; and the sisters of the great Lord Mans- 
field, who lived in " the third flat of Smith's Land," 
and who provided from their number the lady di- 
rectress for all the public assemblies ; and old Lady 
Galloway, one of the three beautiful sisters whose 
graces Hamilton of Bangour had sung.^ We know, 
too, how Miss Nicky Murray " directed ** the assem- 
blies in the West Bow before the assembly rooms 
were removed to Bell's Wynd ; for that great dandy, 
Oliver Goldsmith, the medical student, has himself 
described one of these select balls ; and even in his 
youth " poor Noll wrote like an angeL" Scott, too, 

1 See " The Old Town Ladies of QuaUty," in Robert Chambers's 
Traditions of Edinburgh, vol. ii. 

I 



130 OUEE TOUNIS COLLEDGK 

has explained to us how difficult it was to drive out 
to dinner in a carriage-and-four, when both dinner- 
giver and guest lived in the College Wynd. 

We can see the men too. Grood James Boswell 
introduces Dr Johnson and us to some of them — 
Sir William Forbes and Lord Cullen, Lord Hailes 
and Dr Gregory; Dr Carlyle to many more. He 
takes us with him to the Club, which Adam Fer- 
guson, the grave and stately, "christened" the 
Poker, and which had as its " assassin " " Councillor 
Pleydell," with whom acted as assessor David Hume, 
the gentleman who charmed all the ladies, if they 
but forgot for a moment that he was " the atheist." 
" The Poker " met at Tom Nicolson's, near the Cross, 
at two o'clock, and the dinner-bill, " without wines," 
is ^one shilling. And Carlyle introduces us to 
Principal Eobertson, who has come over from the 
College, along with Adam Ferguson; and Adam 
Smith has crossed the stormy waters from Kirkcaldy 
to be present ; David Hume, too, is there ; and the 
great book-coUector, the Duke of Koxburghe; and a. 
Judge or two ; and Eobert Bums's patron, the Earl 
of Glencaim, with, perhaps, a stranger from the 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 131 

south, who desires to see and hear the Edinburgh 
** hterati." 

It was on this town, "massy and high," that 
George Drummond intruded with his so-called " im- 
provements." He broke down a number of those 
charming "closes" to make his Eoyal Exchange, 
and then he attempted a bridge over the North 
Loch ; and although the " genius " of the Old Town 
knocked down one of the piers, killing a few people, 
the bridge was finished in the end, and the charm 
of the dear "strong-smelling" town departed; for 
some venturesome people went to live on the " North 
Side," — we should have expected better things of a 
grave, philosophic bachelor like David Hume, whose 
saintly name lingers in "St David Street."^ Thus 
was begun the fulfilment of Provost Dummond's 
prophecy — " Look at these fields ! you, Mr Somerville, 
are a young man, and may probably live, though 
I will Hot, to see all these fields covered with houses, 
forming a splendid and magnificent city."^ Then 
others, even some people of quality like the Duchess 

1 Carlyle*8 Autobiography, p. 276. 
^ Somerville's Life, p. 47. 



132 OUKB TOUNIS COLLEDGE, 

of Gordon, and " Walter Scott, Esq., W.S.," and Mrs 
Pringle of Haining, removed out to the newly- 
erected George Square ; and a bridge was built over 
the Cowgate, leading right out to the old College: 
and thus this generation, which delighted in 
knockmg down old and putting up new, discovered 
that the College buildings were very rickety and 
very ruinous, and it was determined to erect a " bran- 
new " University on the old I[irk of Field. 

The South Bridge was begun on the 1st August 
1785, and opened for traffic in March 1788, It is 
one of the most noteworthy facts in our local 
history, that the sale of the " feus " not only paid 
the cost of building a bridge of 22 arches, and of 
purchasing the property which had to be knocked 
down, but yielded a profit, over £6000 of which 
was handed to the University Building Fund, pro- 
bably as compensation for the property taken from 
the College. The balance-sheet is in the * Scots 
Magazine' for December 1817. 

The construction of a southern road into the city 
must have brought out most forcibly what Principal 
Eobertson had been insisting on for many years, that 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 133 

the College buildings were in a very dilapidated con- 
dition, unworthy of the fame of the school, and quite 
inadequate to accommodate the crowd of students 
taught within its walls. In fact, professors and 
students had been forced to leave its bounds, and we 
read of at least one class which met in the High 
School ; the number attending in 1787-88 was 1090. 
As far back as 1768, a " Memorial relating to the 
University of Edinburgh" was drawn up, probably 
by Eobertson, and an attempt made to raise a sum 
by subscription sufficient to rebuild the College ; but 
the subscription was not successful, and the idea was 
given up in the meantime. But when the South 
Bridge had been agreed on, there appeared " a Letter 
to the Eight Honourable Henry Dundas, &c., &c., on 
the Proposed Improvements in the City of Edin- 
burgh, and on the means of accomplishing them, 
1785," in which the needs of the University for 
proper buildings, and its wants, are plainly and fully 
set forth* The subscription which followed this 
second appeal was fairly generous, considering the 
state of the country at the time, £18,009 being col- 
lected, "besides £322, 10s, Jamaica money"; and 



134 OIJBE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

veiy considerable sums came in afterwards from 
abroad. 

So encouraged, the Town Council obtained plans 
for a new college from '' Bobert Adam, Esq., London, 
architect to King Greorge III. and to Queen Charlotte," 
&C., &c. ; and a grand ceremonial took place on the 
16th November 1789, when the foundation-stone 
was laid with full masonic honours by Lord Kapier, 
Master Mason of Scotland, " in the presence of Pro- 
vost and Magistrates, Principal and Professors, and 
many of the nobiUty and gentry from aU parts of 
the country," who had marched in procession, through 
streets lined " by a detachment of the 35th Eegiment," 
and by that warlike band, the City Guard ; and in 
presence of a crowd of onlookers, " which could not 
be less than 30,000." We need not describe the 
procession, for is it not written in the chronicles of 
the * Scots Magazine ' for November 1789 ? nor pic- 
ture the ceremonial of laying the foundation-stone, 
for our readers may see that with their own eyes, 
in the old print of the scene which has been re- 
published. 

We should like to picture for others, if we could 



EDINBURGH IN ROBEETSON'S TIME. 135 

but picture for ourselves, those straggling old Col- 
lege buildings which were doomed to demolition in 
the year 1789. We have failed to realise them 
fully, however ; for it is strange that there is no sketch 
of the College as a whole extant, nor of the most 
interesting of its buildings — ^those which formed the 
northern front. The site was essentially the same 
as that occupied by Eobert Adam's classical pile, 
although the area was somewhat smaller. On the 
south and west sides, the buildings touched, or 
nearly touched, the lines of Lothian Street and the 
Horse Wynd. On the east side they were very much 
within the line of the present buildings ; as we see 
from lizars's sketches that the old Library is several 
feet further west than the buildings forming the 
present gateway. South-east, and attached to the 
old Library, however, was Monro's Theatre, erected 
some time about 1760. This must have stood where 
the roadway of the South Bridge now is, and would 
be swept away to form that street. On the north, the 
CoUege buildings probably boimded exactly as they 
do now ; for Bower relates that in 1698 " a fire broke 
out in the College Wynd, and from the narrowness 



136 CUBE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

of the lane between those buildings and the CoUegQ 
the library in particular was exposed to danger." - 
As Chambers informs us that the author was toU 
by Sir Walter Scott that the house in which he wa« 
bom, at the head of the College Wynd, was cleared 
away " to afiford room for the street " — ^North College 
Street,^ which was not wide — ^we can fix pretty exactly 
the position both of the College Wynd houses and of 
the College buildings opposite to them. East from 
the College buildings, to the walls of the Infirmary, 
stretched the " College Gardens" ; and on the south, as 
shown by Edgar's (1742) and Kincaid's (1784) maps, 
the strip between the College and the city wall was 
planted with trees. Within these bounds the buildings 
were arranged irregularly in three courts. The one to 
the south occupied a larger area than the two to the 
north, and steps led down from the higher level of 
the southern to the westmost of the two smaller. The 
latter was the only one in which the buildings formed 
a complete square — ^two sides of the eastmost of the 
smaller squares being formed, as far as we can trace, 
by a mere boundary wall* 

1 Bower, vol L p. 383. » ' Reekiana,' p. 289. 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 137 

The outline of the College Buildings is given very 
distinctly in the map attached to ' Amot's History of 
Edinburgh ' (1788 edition) ; and in this plan Monro's 
Theatre, abutting on the old Library, is marked. 
We have several general descriptions by strangers 
of the College buildings, — ^the latest, that in Top- 
ham,^ is perhaps the fullest, and gives us besides 
much information regarding professors and students. 
All accounts, including that in the amusing notes 
of " Theophrastus " on Edinburgh, brought down to 
1788, in the appendix to ' Arnot's History,* tell of 
these buUdings being in a ruinous condition ; and 
we can fully believe that they were so, if we con- 
sider their age, and take into account that, in the 
sketches which we have of some of them, they look 
as if they had been cheaply and not very substanti- 
ally built at first " Theophrastus " says : " In 1788, 
the buildings of the University are in the same 
ruinous condition that they were in 1763, and the 
most celebrated University at present in Europe is 
the worst accommodated : some of the professors have 
even been obliged to have lecturing-rooms without 

^ Letters, 25 and 26» 



138 OURB TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

the College for their numerous students." ^ This was 
written in the year preceding the laying of the foun- 
dation-stone of the new University. 
. The three quadrangles were approached by two 
entrances — one on the north, opposite the head of 
the College Wynd ; the other on the south-west, at 
the "Potterrow Port." Several of the buildings 
which were demolished in 1789-90 are described in 
the ' Scots Magazine ' for April 1790, under the 
title "Particulars Eelating to the Old College of 
Edinburgh." ^ We copy a portion of this interesting 
article : — 

" The old house of the Professor of Divinity was 
appropriated to that purpose, at the expence of Bar- 
tholomew Somerville, the son of Peter Somerville, a 
rich burgess and bailie of Edinburgh. Having no 
children, he mortified to the College of Edinburgh, 
in the year 1639, the sum of 40,000 merks for the 
maintenance of a Professor of Divinity, and 6000 
merks for purchasing Sir James Skene's lodging 



1 Amot's History, p. 673. 

^ This article appears, copied almost verbatim, in the Caledonian 
Mercury of 26th April 1790. 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 139 

and garden for his habitation. Over the door of the 
house was the efl&gy of the said Bartholomew Somer- 
ville, cut in stone, with the following inscription : — 

Magistro Bartholomseo Sommervelio, 

Urbis municipi munificentissimo, 

Qui in pios in urbe et Academise nsus 

40,000 M. testamento legavit, 

Urbs Edinburgena hoc monumentum p. c. 

" The north gate at the head of the College Wynd, 
over which the steeple was erected, was a fabric of 
great strength, and not inelegant. It was built in 
1637, under the direction of Mr John Jossie, mer- 
chant in Edinburgh, and College Treasurer, and the 
first who bore that ofl&ce, which he held for four 
years. He was also City Treasurer, and zealous in 
promoting the buildings of the Old College, to which 
he contributed very liberally. He buUt, at his own 
expence, the chamber immediately over the gate; 
but the steeple itself was not finished tiU the year 
1686. From the inscription which it bears, it seems 
to have been erected at the expence of a person of 
the name of Thomas Burnet. It was a .tall tower, 
about 12 feet square, and 6 stories high, or about 



140 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE* 

80 feet from the ground to the top of the wall ; upon 
which was a pavilion roof, terminating with a vane. 
The dififerent small chambers of which it consisted, 
and which were entered from a turnpike-stair, made 
a part of the house inhabited by the Professor of 
Greek. The front to the north was of polished 
ashler work, with rustic comers. Immediately over 
the gate were the city arms, but wanting the sup- 
porters ; and higher up, betwixt two of the windows, 
were the arms, as is supposed, of the above-men- 
tioned Thomas Burnet. The same arms are on the 
south side, towards the College, over a window ; and 
under them the following inscription : — 

Dum floret studiosa cohors, campanave pulsat, 
Semper honos nomenque tuum, Bumete, manebunt 

T. B. 

From which it appears that a bell was intended to be 
hung in this tower ; which intention however was not 
fulfilled, the College bell being in a smaller tower, 
near the upper area. High up, on the south front, 
was a sun-dial, with T. B. inscribed on it, and the 
year 1686." 

This description would be even more interesting 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 141 

if we could supplement it, by seeing the old steeple 
and the " Duke's Lugeing " in one of Lizars's engrav- 
ings of Edinburgh. This we cannot do; but we 
have fortunately two sets of drawings in which 
portions of the south quadrangle are shown — ^Lizars's 
engravings, executed for Playfair; and the very 
quaint sketches of the Old and New College BuUd-* 
ings intermingled, which form a portion of the views 
of Edinburgh recently published.^ If any one will 
bring together these different views, he will have 
before him the greater portion of the detached build- 
ings forming the south quadrangle, and will form 
a much better idea than we can give in writing of 
how this square looked in 1789, He wiU see that, 
with the exception of the Library, which had a sunk 
flat, they are all two-storey houses, many of them 
small and poor in appearance, and that the upper 
storey of some, having " storm windows," must have 
had low ceilings. He will notice the variety of archi- 
tecture and the tablets above the doors, on which were 

^ Edinburgh in the Olden Timee, displayed in a series of Sixty- 
three Original Views between the years 1717 and 1828. T. G. Stev- 
enson : 1881. 



142 OURB TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

inscribed the name and titles of each several donor ; 
he will, in fine, have fuUy confirmed Professor Crau- 
furd's account of how the buildings were erected, 
one by one, as generous citizens came forward with 
money. The more he looks at these buildings, the 
more he will wonder how the 1100 students were 
accommodated, and where the Principal and Pro- 
fessor of Divinity found house-room. 

We do not purpose telling at length the "long- 
drawn-out tale" of the erection of the New Uni- 
versity Buildings, commenced in 1789. Building 
operations were begun all along the north side, both 
the two smaller courts being broken into at the 
same time — ^the Professor of Divinity's house at the 
east end, the old tower opposite the College Wynd 
in the centre, and the houses " of the Professors of 
Greek and Hebrew, and of the upper and under 
janitors in the lower area at the north-west," being 
pulled down. The trustees of the Building Fund 
proved bad generals, for they delivered their attack 
along too extended a line. On the 31st March 1790, 
Monro had a foundation -stone -laying of his own, 
when the Anatomical Theatre was begun; and in 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 143 

"Medical Commentaries for the year 1790," not 
only is the above fact recorded, but we are told that 
both the east and north fronts of the University are 
raised to considerable height ; that Monro's Theatre 
is to be ready by October 1791; and that aU the 
medical classes are to be accommodated on the north 
side of the quadrangle. The new buildings must 
have been started from the east gateway, along half 
of the east and the whole of the north side. Monro's 
Theatre was not ready for the opening of the session 
of 1791 — ^he did not get possession until October 
1792 ; and it was many years before the north front 
was finished, for money failed before it was com- 
pleted; although we are informed by the 'Scots 
Magazine ' of November 1792, that the King himself 
aided, contributing £5000 to the new College. A 
portion of the structure begun with so much bold- 
ness in 1790, actually stood roofless, with wind and 
weather eating into it, until, in 1801, the Principal 
appealed to the Government, and obtained a grant 
of £5000 to roof in the unfinished portion and save 
it from destruction. France, by declaring war against 
England in February 1793, was in truth responsible 



144 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

for the ruinous condition in which Edinburgh Uni- 
versity stood for a generation. It must have been 
with great difficulty that the increasing numbers of 
students were taught during these years. 

Even the French war came to an end at last, 
and on the 21st June 1815, the Chancellor of 
the Exchequer moved a vote of £10,000 for the 
University of Edinburgh. We have before us a 
" clipping " from a newspaper containing the account 
of the debate in Committee. The Eight Honourable 
W. Dundas, in closing the debate, "assured the 
House that as little money would be expended as* 
possible, but as students were flocking to the Uni- 
versity from aU quarters some alterations were 
necessary. The celebrity of the University of Edin- 
burgh was well known. It stood perhaps unrivalled, 
and had long so stood as a school of medical know- 
ledge. But it was not less known as a school of 
medicine than as a school for every other branch of 
liberal science." Commissioners were appointed by 
Government to superintend the spending of the 
public money, and, setting to work leisurely, they in 
the end of 1816 appointed Playfair to finish the 



EDINBURGH IN KOBERTSON'S TIME. 145 

work which Adam had begun, Playfair received 
£100 as a premium for his design, Bum receiving 
the second prize of £80. Playfair's design, as the 
* Scots Magazine ' for January 1817 informs us, 
carried out Adam's plan as far as the exterior ap- 
pearance was concerned, but improved on it by 
forming only one quadrangle, instead of cutting the 
interior space into two by a cross building in the 
centre, as Adam had proposed, Playfair began by 
building the east side, which seems to have occupied 
from 1817 to 1821 ; he then took up the north, a 
considerable portion of which was finished, and had 
been occupied for nearly thirty years. This old part 
he had to remodel to suit his new plan, pulling down 
some of the building facing the quadrangle. Then 
he built the west side, which was in great measure 
to be dedicated to Jamieson's Museum; and in the 
'Scotsman' of 25th October 1826 will be found an 
account of the building as completed and the 
Museum as arranged. Last of all, the south side 
was taken up, and by 1827 the square was finished, 
holding in its embrace the old library building, 
which Lizars's engravings show us standing so as to 

K 



146 OURE TOUNIS GOLLEDGE. 

block up the "great and only entrance," and sup- 
ported by wooden props placed against the new 
building. Lizars's sketches let us see very distinctly 
the cracks in the walls, and its general tumble-down 
condition; and on the 19th September 1827, the 
' Scotsman ' tells us that the walls of the old Library 
— ^the last of the buildings of the first College of 
Edinburgh — "are almost level with the ground." 

Thus slowly passed away the old College of Edin- 
burgh, and gradually arose in its place the new 
University, so well known to the citizens of Edin- 
burgh, and so much beloved by the thousands of 
its alumni scattered over the whole world. Principal 
Eobertson, who had laboured hard to obtain a suit- 
able home for his University, saw little more than 
the foundation-stone laid. He removed from the 
Principal's house to the Grange House some time 
before his death, passing away on the 11th June 
1793. He is buried in the Greyfriars' Churchyard, 
not many hundred yards from the new University 
Building, which is being formally opened in the Ter- 
centenary Celebrations of 1884 

The fame of "cure tounis CoUedge" was at its 



EDINBURGH IN ROBERTSON'S TIME. 147 

height, although its buildings were a mere mass of 
ruins, old and new, when Principal Eobertson, his 
race being run, entered into his rest, and passed the 
care of his beloved University into the hands of his 
successor. The number of its students increased in 
the succeeding generation, even although the men 
who taught in it were not so famous as those 
who had preceded them; for the impetus the Uni- 
versity had received bore it onwards for years, 
while it was aided by the attractiveness of the 
town, in which dwelt Sir Walter Scott and the 
brilliant circle which surrounded him. During the 
present century there have been added to its "roll 
of fame " many names in divinity, in law, in science, 
in medicine, in literature, worthy to be ranked with 
those of the great ones of the preceding centuries. 

Its future seems bright with hope, for never were 
its students so numerous, its buildings so splendid, 
above all, never were its teachers more zealous. As 
we have studied the course of the history of the 
University of Edinburgh — remembering its humble 
origin, the difficulties of its earlier years, the glorious 
success of its middle life, although unaided by wealth 



148 OUKB TOUXIS GOLLEDGE. 

and fettered hj want of proper buildings and appli- 
ances, one feeling has ever been forced on our mind. 
We feel that the success of our University in the 
future depends not on the splendour of her build- 
ings, magnificent as we desire them to be ; not on the 
fukiess of her endowments, and we wish that her 
coffers may be ever full ; but on the high enthusiasm 
and freedom for personal aim of those on whom 
devolve the honours and the responsibilities of Eol- 
lock, and Garstares, and Bobertson; of Cullen, and 
Monro, and Gregory ; of Dugald Stewart, and Chal- 
mers, and Hamilton ! 



APPENDIX, 



I. EXTRACTS FROM THE RECORDS OF THE 
BURGH OF EDINBURGH. 

Anent the Articulia to be given in Perlia/m/erU, 

1 August 1560. 

The prouest baillies counsale and dekynnis foresaid, efter the 
reding of the articules to be gevin in in this present perliament 
concerning the manteinance of the libertie of merchanttis 
and craftismen, and siclyke concemyng the reformatioun and 
reparatioim of the kirkis, edefeing of hospitallis vniuersiteiB 
collegis and scolis, and all sic vther thingis, as at mair lenth 
is contenit in the saidis articulis red in thair presens as said is, 
all in ane voce granttis and apprevis the samin to be inventit 
and devisit conforme and aggreing with Goddis trew ordinance 
for the manteinance of the trew reHgionn, as alsua for the 
commoun weill of the hale estait of merchanttis and fre craftis- 
men, and for presenting and explanyng of the samyn in this 
present perliament hes nominat constitute and ordanit Archi- 
bald Douglas of Kinspindie prouest, James Barroun, maister 
Richert Strang and Dauid Forster, thair commissaris in this 
perHament, and ordanis commissioun to be gevin to thame in 
ample and dew forme vnder thair commoun seill subscriuit be 
the commoun clerk for thame and in thair names as vse is. 



150 OURB TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Benis and Annuals payable to Papists, 

23 April 1561. 

Item, in the first, it is thocht gnde that the renttis annuellis 
and vtheris emolimentis qnhilkis of before war payit forth of 
landis and tenementis within this burgh to papistis, preistis, 
feris, monlds, nonis, and ytheris of that wikit sort, for man- 
teinyng of idolatrie and vane superstitioim, seing it hes plesit 
the Almychti to oppin the eis of all pepill and to gyf thame 
the knaulege of sic vane abnasis, thairfor that the saidis renttis 
and emolimentis be applyit to mair proffitable and godlie 
vssis, sic as for snstenyng of the trew ministerris of Qoddis 
word, founding and biging of hospitalis for the pure and 
coU^[is for leimyng and vpbiing of the youth, and sic vther 
godlie warkis. 

Scolemaister. 

8 April 1662. 

The counsale, vnderatanding the greit corruptioun of the 
youth be maister William Robeitsoun, maister of the grammar 
scole, being ane obstinat papeist, ordanis tender writingis to 
be directit fra the said counsale to my lord James exhorting 
his lordschip to laubour at my lorde Robertis hand for grant- 
ing ane gift of the office of the maisterschip to sic ane leimit 
and qualif eit man as thai can find maist abill thairf ore, to the 
effect thai may remoye the said maister William firat the office 
f oirsaid, and for vphalding and susteining of the said maister 
and doctouiis, as alsua of the r^entis of ane college to be 
beigit within this buigh, and for beiging of hospiteUis, that 
it be lauborit with the Quenis grace it mycht pleis hir 
grace to dispone and grant to the toun the place yairdis and 
annuellis of the fireris and altarageis of the kirk. 



APPENDIX. 151 



Freris, 

17 Augtist 1562. 

Tlie toimys supplicatioun to the Quenys Maiestie for tlie 

freris places : — Madame, vnto your grace humHe menis and 

scliewis we your seruitouris, the prouest baillies counsale and 

communitie of the burgh of Edinburgh, that quhair for laik 

of prouisioun to support thame quhilkis ar in deid puir, that 

tliair miserabill estait being vnder the handis of Gk)d and 

veseit be him be seiknes aige and vtherwis, the nummer of 

sturdy beggerns dayHe increscis in sic sorte that thai quhilkis 

baith of the law of Gk>d and nature aucht tobe helpit ar nocht 

vnknawin fra thame quhilkis of all ressoun and equitie suld 

be compeUit to travell for thair leifing and sustentatioun, being 

stark and potent of body that way to laubour, and nocht onlie 

ar the sturdy beggerns thairthrow fosterit hot als in thair beg- 

gerrie begettis childrene quhilkis fra thair youth ar brocht vp 

beggand, makand thair begging quhairby thai presentHe leif, 

and ar withdrawin fra laubour to leif idillie tobe ane craft, sua 

that gif remeid be nocht had thairto the policie salbe havelie 

hurte and the pouir alwys contempnit and neglectit ; and 

siklike it is nocht vnknawin to your hienes that the commoun 

ordour quhairby men attems to serue the commoun weill of 

thair cuntre cumis be letteris leiming and scienceis, quhilkis 

can nocht be obtenit hot be leiming at sculis^ quhilkis for 

the maist parte dois in all partis decay, sua that na regarde is 

had thairto and the youth thairthrow brocht to sic barborous 

ignorance that lamentablie it is tobe regratit ; the remeid of 

baith the quhilkis we doute nocht hot be the erecting of hos- 

pitalis to sustene the pure, planting of sculis to bring vp the 

youth, quhairto is nocht onlie requireit places and rowmes hot 

als ressonabill livingis and stipendis, quhilkis for inhabilitie 

and pouirtie of the burrowis can nocht be thame be performit ; 



162 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

and your hienes ynderstanding that [to] oure said toun resortds 
ma pouir than to ony ythir of this realme, and als that ourc 
youth is of sic nummer that pietie it war, seing God at this 
tyme gevifi sic pregnant meynis the same suld pereis, ani 
thairfore with supporte of youre grace we mynd na thing mair 
than to erect hospitalis and ressonable scuHs within our said 
toun, quhairin the puir quhilkis ar indeid puir may be sustenit 
and the youth nuresit and brocht vp in letteris, sua that 
ressonabill levingis war prouideit thairto, quhilkis at na tyme 
before culd better be done nor now quhen landis and annuellis 
within our said toun pertening to preistis freiris and vtheris 
ar cumin in your hienes handis, with the quhilkis we doute 
nocht bot youre grace, bering sic fauour to letteris and science 
and supporte of the pouir, will partlie bestow to the effect 
foirsaid ; heirfore we beseik your guid grace haif consideratioun 
heirof, and seing that ye ar myndit that letteris and science 
incresce within youre realme, and that the pouir quhais 
clamour ascendis to the hevin be sustenit, that youre grace 
will grant and dispone to ws the situatioun quhair the Blak- 
freiris war, togidder with thair yairdis to beig ane hospitale 
vpoun for the pouir, and als cans sume dres be maid that we 
may haue the place kirk chalmeris and houssis of the Kirk 
of Field to big ane scule, we satifiand ressonablie thairfore, 
and als that your grace will gif and dispone to ws, for susten- 
ing of the hospitale and scule foirsaid, the annuellis of chap- 
lainreis and £reris being presentlie in your graces handis and 
the remanent of the samen quhen thai sail pertene to youre 
grace ; and becaus our said toun is populous, and the multitude 
thairof greit, that your hienes will gif to ws the yairdis of the 
Grayfreiris and situation thairof, being sumquhat distant fra 
oure toun, to mak ane buriale place of to burie and eird the 
personis deceissand thairin, sua that thairthrow the air within 
oure said toun may be the mair pure and clene, and we doute 



APPENDIX. 153 

nocht bot your grace sail schortlie se the power within our 
said toTin be sa supportit, the youth sa brocht vp in letteris, 
that the posteriteifi to cum sail haif greit comforte thairof to 
the praLs of youre hienes in all tymes cuming ; and your 
ansuer humelie we beseik. 

Followifl the deliuerance vpoun the bak of the said supplica- 
tioun, subscruiit be the Quenys Maiestie: — Apud Striuiling 
xvij<* Augusti anno 1562. The Quenys Maiestie appoynttis 
the Grayfreir yaird within writtin to be ane buriall place to 
the personis deceissand within the burgh of Edinburgh, sua 
that the samyn salbe ane buriall place, and it salbe lesum 
to burye the deid of the said toun thairin; and hir grace 
promisses quhen euir sufficient prouisioun is maid for biging 
of the hospitale and scule within writtin hir grace sail prouide 
ane rowme convenient thairfor and sail support that the 
samyn may be dotyt to be interteneit in tyme cuming. Sic 
svbscrtbitur : Marie, B. 

Fenny cuke, Kirk o/Feild. 

6 March 1562-8. 

The prouest baillies and counsale ordanis maister Jhonne 
Spens, baiUie, Andro Murray of Blakbaronye and maister 
Jhonne Prestoun, thesaurer, to talk and commoun with the 
persoun of Pennycuke tuiching the Kirk of Feild and hale 
bigingis thairof, and report his ansuer to thame agane upoun 
the nixt counsale day. 

Villa, Fenm/cuke, Kirk of Feild, 

21 June 1568. 

It is appoyntit and endit betuis [the bailies council and 
deacons of crafts,] on that ane pairt^ for the prouest bailies 
counsale and communitie, and [maister Johne] Pennycuke, 



154 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

persoun of that ilk and prouest of the Kirk of Feild, on the 
vther pairt, in maner following, that is to say, the said 
[maister Johne] Pennycuke selUs and disponis to the gude 
toun the hale bigging, sumtyme callit the Kirk of Feild, 
bayth auld and new, with kirk yaiid, with Ingeingis, big- 
gingis, mansionis, yardis, annuellis and dewteis quhatsumeuir 
pertenit ony tyme of before to the prouest and prebendaris 
of the samyn ; and forther sail obtene to the gud tonn the 
gyft and few maid thairof to my lord Kobert Stewert of 
Hallyrudhous, and sail get to thame the Quenys Maiesteis 
confirmatioun vpoun the samyn, and saU tranafer in thame 
all rycht that he had or may haiie to the said pronestrie sa 
fer as lyis within the wallis of the toun as said is, and quhat 
vther rycht or securite thay can diuise for thame selflfis sail 
obtene and get the samyn at our said Soueranes handis or 
vtheris havand onye rycht to the said benefice, bigingis, 
houssis, yardis, kirk yard, kirk annuellis and dewiteis within 
the toun as said is, and sail mak na conditioun contract nor 
appoyntment with any vther before the fulfilling of the pre- 
miBsis and obtenyng of the gyftis and confirmationis abone 
expremyt : For the quhilk caus, sa sone as the premissis beis 
fulfillit for the pairt of the said persoun, before the deliuering 
of ony evidentis gyft or confirmatioun furth of his handis, he 
sail haue bund and oblist to him, in maist siker forme he can 
diuise, tua or thre of the maist substanteous of the said coun- 
sale, for gude and thankful payment to be maid to him of 
the sowme of ane thousand pundis vsuall money of this 
realme, to be payit within tua yeris nixt efter thair ressait 
of the saidis gyftis, confirmatioun, and sic vther securiteis 
ressonable as sail be diuisit. 



APPENDIX. 165 

Hospital, 

i February 1578-9. 

The provest, bailleis, and counsell ordanis Johne Johne- 
Btoiin and maister Johne Prestoun, with awyse of maister 
James Liowsoun, minister, to entir in ressonyng with maister 
Robert Ponnt, provest of the Trinitie College, in the materis 
betuix the towne and him concemyng the hospitall thair, and 
to repoirt thair ansuir the nixt counsall day. 

JPonty Litle, Johneatoun, Clerk, Vnmeraeteia, 

25 February 1578-9. 

The prouest, bailleis, and counsell ordanis Alexander Clerk, 
Williame Litle, and Johne Johnestoun to convene vpone Set- 
terday eftimone nixt with maister Kobert Pont, and entir in 
forther ressonyng with him tuiching the erectionn and funda- 
tioim of the uniuerseteis in the Trinitie College, and repoirt 
thair ansuer the nixt connsall day. 

Villa, Commoun Lihra/ne, precept, theaaurer, 

26 August 1580. 

[The bailies and council] vnderstanding that vmquhil 
maister Clement Littill, aduocat, and ane of the commissaries 
of this bnigh, of guid memorie for the zele he buir to the 
promotioun of the relligioun, weiU of this burgh, and help 
and releif of sic as beiring functioun in the ministrie suld 
happin to want buikis necessar to thair vocatioun, hes left 
ane sufficient nummer of guid and godlie buikis to the minis- 
trie of this burgh, and that this his zelous deid may instigat 
vtheris of the lyke mynd to dote and gif thair buikis to the 
lyke vse, quhairby it may follow that ane commoun librarie 
sail be erectit within this burgh to the greitt incres of pietie 



166 OURE TOTJNIS OOLLEDGE. 

and relligioun and suppressing of errouris; quhairfore thai 
half accordet be the authoritie of the goid toun to procure 
and sett fordward this honest and godlie waxk with all thair 
power, and thairfore hes thocht expedient, and ordanit that 
ane hous or libndr be maid at the end of maister James Low- 
sounis, ministeris studie, of ane pairt of the over loft of his 
dwelling hous in the kirk yaird, having ane entres throw his 
study, and ane vther throw the said loft, quhairin sail be putt 
in keping the saidis buikis dotit and gevin to the said vse, 
and all vtheris buikis to be dotit and gevin thairto, of the 
quhilkis the said maister James and sic as sail be principall 
minister of this burgh for the tyme, saU haif the custody, and 
be ansuerabill thairfor vpoun inuentour ; and ordanis Andro 
Steuinsoun, thesaurer, to cans big and mak the said hous or 
librarie in lenth according to the breid of the said loft, and in 
breid of the space of [blank] futes or thairby, to rais, heicht 
and enlairge the wyndow presentlie nixt to the said study, 
brod the samyn, and to sylour the said librarie sufficientlie 
and to fumeis all necessaris to the making, bigging, and com- 
pleting of the sam as sail be thocht expedient and commandit 
him be William Lyttill, baillie, quhome thai haif maid maister 
and owersear of the said wark. 

Villa, New Libra/re, Littill. 

14 October 1580. 
Comperit Williame Littill, burges of this burgh, brother and 
onlie executour constitut be vmquhill and rycht honorabill 
maister Clement Littill, adwocat, and ane of the commLssaris 
thairof, and declaret quhow that his said vmquhill brother 
vpoun the day of his deceis, being of perfyte mind and 
considdering with himselff that he wes to be callit frome this 
lyff to the mercies off God, and be the luiffing effectioun and 
gret zeal borne be him to the kirk off God and to the advance- 



APPENDIX. 157 

ment off His Word, wes justlie mouit and maist cairfull that 
the buikis and workis off Halie Scripturis in gret nummer 
conqniest be him in his tyme suld nocht perische or be separa- 
tet, left with ane luiffing hart and mynd his haill buikis and 
warkis of theologie to the rycht honorabiU and his native 
town off Edinburgh, and to the kirk of God thairin, to the 
effect and purpois that sic personis knawin off honest conver- 
satioun and guid lyff (and na utheris) quhilkis ar and salbe 
willing to trauell and be exercesit in the seruice and voca^ 
tioun off mimstrie or wtherwayis of dewetie desyrous, and in 
especiall to sic personis as ar or salbe of bluide to the said 
vmquhill maister Clement, for the aduancement to the glorie 
off God and His trew and sinceir wordis prechit and presentlie 
professit within the realme off Scotland, sail, at the plesoure 
and will onlie off maister James Lousoun, now present minis- 
ter off the said burgh, or quhatsumeuir wther minister that 
sail happin to haue the chairge of the ministre and off the 
saidis buik efter him, and in his place for the tyme, haue fie 
acces and Ingres at all sic convenient tymes heirefter as the 
said minister present or to cum sail think guid and expedient 
and na utherwayes, for reding and collecting the fnitefull 
knawledge be the said buikis as it sail pleis God to distribut 
his. graces to the reidaris, and emestlie desyret his said 
brother for the performance heirof and delyuerence off the 
saidis buikis; conforme to the quhilk latter will the said 
William Littill committet the delyuerence thairof, and has 
presentlie delyueret to the saidis provest, baillies, and counsall 
of the said burgh the saidis buikis haill together intituled 
according to the particular catholog following, and as euerie 
ane off thame hes prented the armes off the said vmquhill 
maister Clement with thir wordis, I am givin to Edinburgh 
and kirk of Gk>d be maister Clement Littill thair to remaine. 
Sequitur cathologis, [Here follows a list of volumes.] 



158 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

Frecepty thesaurevy Scherp. 

17 N(yoemher 1581. 

[Ordained that the treasurer be allowed in his accounts ^6, 
6s. 8d. '^ for ane rose nobiU, delyuerit at the baillies command 
to Mr Jhone Scherp, aduocat, for his consultatioun in the 
townis e£fairis and ma ki ng of the billis to the lordis of articles 
of this present parliament, viz., ane concerning the abbott 
of Einlos, ane vther for confirmatioun of the townis gift of 
the annuellis, and the thrid concerning the Cannogaitt for 
staying thair desyre to the parliament anent thair pretendit 
fredome."] 

Ahhot of KirdoSy Villa, Cawtioneris for the Town, 

Act ofSecreitt Counsall, 

8 June 1582. 

The sam day, in presens of the foresaid proust, baillies, and 
coimsal, and the dykins of craftis vnder vritten — ^viz., Adame 
Newtoun, baxter; Gilbert Primrose, chirurgion; Willian 
Bickertoun, mason; William Hoppringill, taHzeour; Wil- 
liam Weir, cordiner; Edward Heirt, goldsmyth; Edward 
(Mbrayth, skynner; James Vr, flescheour; Thomas Diksoun, 
forrour. Comperit Johne Jhonestoun, collectour, and pro- 
ducet the act under vrittien, desyrand the sam be registrat 
in the saidis prouist, baillies, counsale, and deykins, to bind 
and oblis thame and thair successouris for releif of the per- 
souns thairin containit, in respect thai haif oblist thame selffis 
for the affairis and commoun weill of the towne allenarly : off 
the quhilk act the tenour foUowis : Apud Castrum de Strieuling 
xj. die mensis Aprilis anno domini j"* v* Ixxxij . The quhilk dai, 
in presens of the Lordis of Secreitt Counsall, Alexander Clark 
of Balbimie, prouest of Edinburch, Robert Ker, yr., and 
Henry Chairtiris, twa of the baillis of the samyn^ maister 
Jhonn Prestoun, James Adamsoun, Alexander Vddart, Jhonn 



APPENDIX. 159 

Jhonestoun, brother-germane to James Jhonestoun of Elpliin- 
stoun, Jhonn Eobertsoun, and Micbaell Gilbert, burgessis of 
this said bruch, become actit and oblist coniunctlie and 
senarallie, that the saidis prouest, baillies, and counsale, and 
commnnitie, sail persew and do their vetter and exact dili- 
gence for recouerie of the sowme of ancht thowsand merkis 
frae Walter^ Abbot of Kinloss, and vtheris addedit in payment 
thairof quhilk vmquhle Robert, Bischop of Orknay, in his 
testament and latter will left for founding of ane CoUedge 
within the bruch of Edinbruch, for exerceis of leiming thair- 
into, and the samyn being recount be thame according to the 
power to be gevin to thame be the King's maiestie with the 
avyse of the Loidis of the Secreitt Counsale, that thai sail 
bestow the samyn to the vse aboue mentiounat according 
to the vill of the deid, within the space of ane yeir nixt 
thairafter but longer delay. Sic svhscrihitur, Alex'. Clark 
provest, Robert Ker baillie, Henry Chairteris baillie, Jhonn 
Jhonestoun, Alex'. Vddart, M. Jhonne Prestoun, Michaell 
Gilbert, Jhonn Robertsoun, James Adamesoun. Extractvm de 
libro actorvm Secreti Concillij, S. D. N. Regis, per me Joan- 
nem Andro, clericum deptUatum eieuiedum sub mei signo et 
subscriptione manualihus; et sic subscrihitur Joannes Andro. 
Quhilk act being red, the said prouest, baillies, the counsale, 
and deykins thocht the desyre of the said Jhonn maist reson- 
abill, and thairfore band and oblist thameselffis and their 
successouris, prouest, baillies, counsale, and deikins of crafts 
to warrand releif and keip skaytMes the saidia cawtiouneris of 
the said act haill contents thairof, and all that may follow 
thairvpoun at all hand quhom it efifeiris. And the said prouest, 
baillies, counsall, and deykins wer content, and consentit that 
the said Michaell Gilbert wer at the imployment of the said 
money and resaiving thairof, or failzeing thairof ane vther per- 
soun to be nominat and chosen be the saidis crafts, and his 
avys to be had thair intill. 



160 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

CoUidge, Cant. 

29 March 1583. 

The quilk day the prouest, baillies, counsall, and deykins 
vnderstanding that gif thai enter not to wark in founding 
biggng of ane college for lettres in the Kirk of Feild with 
dilligence, the gift granted be the Eongs maiestie to the 
guid toun will expyre the xv of Aprile nixt; Thairfore 
appoyntis Andro Sclater baillie, Dauid Kinloch baxter, to 
agrie with certane warkmen for biggng of the vttir wallis 
thairof. And becaus the commoun guid is for the maist 
pairt superexpendit, ordanis the said baillie and Edward 
Galbrayth to talk with James Cant for redemptionn of the 
annual rent of xl. li. annaelit to the guid toun be Thomas Cant 
his fayther, forth of his land in the meill markitt, that the 
money gotten thairfor may pay the warkmen. 

Eoctent ofiij^ Merk, 

28 June 1588. 

The foresaids prouest, baillies, counsall and deykins of 
craftis, vnderstanding that in this last generall conventioun 
of the estaitts haldin at Halyruidhous in Apryle last thaix 
wes grantet to our Souerane Lord^ for payment of his Graces 
dettis and vther effairis, ane generall extent of twenty thow- 
sand pund to be tayne of the haill realme, and conform 
thairto thai ar chairgeit be his graces lettres to extent thair 
nichtbouris for the sam and for thair pairt of the kirkis thrids 
quhilk is deduceit in the kirks sowme, as at lenth is contenit 
in the said lettres vnder the signet, and sidyke foreseying 
that the wark of the College at the Kirk of Feild new b^wn 
is habill to leif of and decay, and swa the gift of the erectioun 
thairof sail expyre be vertew of the clause irritant contenit 
thairintill, without the sam be supportet be the guid town by 
the sowmes gevin thairto ; for the quhilkis caussis, to witt for 



APPENDIX. 161 

payment of thair pairt of the said extent and support of the 
said wark, they haif t^eit and consentit that ane geneiall 
extent of thrie thowsand markis be sett and vpliftet of the 
haill burgh and inhabitants thairof, and that extentouris be 
chosin for setting of the sam conform to the decreitt arbitrall 
gevin betuix the merchants and craftdsmen of the said burgh. 



II. EXTRACTS FROM THE REGISTER OF THE 
PRIVY COUNCIL OF SCOTLAND. 

Kingis Advocatt^ Abbott of Kinloas, 

HoLYBOOD HousB, Uh May 1576. 

Anent oure Soverane Lordis letters, rasit at the instance of 
Maister David Borthuik of Lochill his Majesteis Advocatt, 
Maister James Makgill of Rankelour Nethir Clerk of Regis- 
ter, and Maister Thomas Makcalyeane of Cliftounhall, makand 
mentioun ; — that quhair umquhile Robert Bischop of Orknay 
that last deceissit, in his testament and latter will maid at 
Edinburgh the sext day of Februarii, the yeir of Gk)d j™v«lvii 
yeiris, left the sowme of four thowsand merkis, quhilkis he 
had in wedset of the landis of Strathnaver quhen it sould be 
recoyerit; and als left uther four thowsand merkis of his 
gudis and geir for to by the tenement, with the yaird and 
pertinentis, of umquhile Sir Johnne Ramsay knycht, liand 
on the sowth syde of the burgh of Edinburgh, for to big ane 
college, in the quhilk wes appointit to be thre scolis, ane 
thairof for the baimis in grammar, and uther for thame that 
leimis poetre and oratore, and chalmeris to the Regentis, with 
ane hall and utheris houssis necessar ; the thrid scole for the 
techeing of the civile and canon lawis ; quhilk is appointed 
to be done with the counsale of the saidis Maister James 
Makgill, Thomas Makcalyeane, and umquhile Maister Abra- 



162 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

ham Creiclitouxi Pioyest of Dunglas quhome the said umquhile 
Biflchope conBtitute his procuratouris in the maist ampill 
forme, to persew the saidis four thowsand merkis being upoim 
the landis of Strathnaver, to the effect foirsaid, as the testa- 
ment confermit be the Commissaris of Edinburgh, upoun the 
day of the yeir of God j"v* yeris, at mair 

lenth proportis. Quhilk latter will and legacy tending to sa 
gude a fyne, and being for the commoun weill and polecy of 
the realme, it becumis oure Soverane Lord of dewitie to se 
the same fulfillit and accompleissit in the maist summar 
ordour of proces that may be. And anent the charge gevin 
to Johnne Reid of Akinheid, Walter Abbot of Kinloss, and 
Sir Johnne Andersoun, the onelie thre executouris of the said 
umquhile Bischop now being on lyff, to have comperit befoir 
my Lord Regentis Grace and Lordis of Secreit Counsale at 
ane certane day bipast, to have hard thame or ony of thame, 
bene decemit be decreit to have exhibit, deponit, and con- 
signit, in the handis of sic a persoun as his Grace and Lordis 
foirsaidis sould appoint, the said sowme of aucht thowsand 
merkis, to be employit to the effect abonewrittin, according 
to the will of the deid, or utherwayis ad pios usus ; or ellis 
to have allegeit ane ressonabill cans quhy the same sould not 
be done ; with certificatioun to thame and thai failyeit, my 
Lord Regentis Grace and Lordis foirsaidis wald deceme in 
maner abone writtin, lyke as at mair lenth is contenit in the 
saidis letters, execution and indorsatioun thairof. Quhilkis 
being callit, the saidis Mr. David Borthuik and Maister 
James Makgill comperand bayth personalie, the said Johnne 
Reid of Akinheid comperand be Maister Henry Makcalyeane 
his procuratour, and the said Sir Johnne Andersoun com- 
perand be Alexander Hay directour of the chancellarie, — ^it 
wes allegeit, in name of the saidis Johnne Reid and Sir 
Johnne Andersoun, that thay on na wayis wer intromettouris 
with the said umquhile Bischoppis gudis and geir, nayther 



APPENDIX. 163 

usit thay at ony tyme, the said office of executorie, and 
presentlie renuaceit the same re Integra. And the said 
Abbot of Kinloss being oftymes callit and not comperand, 
my Lord Kegentis Grace, with avise of the saidis Lordis, 
decemis the said Walter Abbot of Kinloss, to exhibit, depone 
and consigne in the handis of sic a persoun as his Grace and 
Lordis foirsaidis sail appoint, the said sowme of aucht thow- 
sand merkis, to be employit to the effect abonewrittin, accord- 
ing to the will of the deid, or utherwayis ad pios usns, and 
that letters be direct heirupoun in forme as efferis. 

Caution that the Provost, Bailies, and Council of Edin- 
burgh will do their utmost to recover the mov/ey left 
by the late Bishop of Orkney for founding a College 
in Edinburgh. 

11 April 1682. 

The qnhilk day, in presence of the Lordis of Secrete Coun- 
sale, Alexander Clerk of Balbirny, provest of Edinburgh, 
Robert Ker, younger, and Henry Charterhouse, twa of the 
baillies of the samin, Maister Johnne Prestoun, James Adame- 
soun, Alexander Udward, Johnne Johnnstoun, brother-ger- 
man to James Johnnstoun of Elphingstoun, Johnne Robert- 
soun, and Michaell Gilbert, burgessis of the said burgh, be- 
come actit and obleist, conjunctlie and severalie, that the 
saidis provest and baillies, counsale and communitie, saU 
persew and do thair utter and exact diligence for recoverie of 
the sowme of aucht thousand merkis fra Walter, abbot of 
Kynlos, and utheris addettit in payment thairof, quhilk um- 
quhile Robert, Bischop of Orknay, in his testament and lattir 
will, left for founding of ane college within the burgh of 
Edinburgh for exercise of learning thairinto ; and, the samin 
being recoverit be thame, according to the pouer to be gevin 
thame be the Kingis Majestie with advise of the Lordis of 
Secrete Counsale, that they sail bestow the samin to the use 



164 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

abouementionat, according to the will of the deid, within the 
space of ane yeir nixt thairefter, but langer delay. Sic sub- 
scrihitur: — ^Alexander Clerk, provest. Robert Ker, baillie, 
Henry Charteris, bailyie. Johnne Johnnstoun. Alexander 
Udward. Mr Johnne Prestonn. Michaell Gilbert. Johnne 
Robertsoun. James Adamesoun. 

Supplication of the Provost, Bailies, and Council of Edin- 
hurgh in connection tvith the foregoing Caution, 

Anent the supplicatioun presentit to the Kingis Majestie 
and Lordis of Secrete Counsale be the provest, baiUies, coun- 
sale, and communitie of the burgh of Edinburgh, makand 
mentioun that, quhair in the moneth of Januar or Februar in 
the year of God j™v®lvii yeirs, umquhile Robert, Bischop of 
Orknay and Zetland for the tyme, than being directit as ane 
of the Ambassadouris to the King of France for the marriage 
of our said Soverane Lordis dearest mother, in the quhilk 
viage he departit this lyflP, be his testament and latter will left 
the sowme of aucht thowsand merkis money of this realme, 
thairof foure thowsand merkis quhilk he had lyand upoun the 
landis of Stranaver, and uther foure thowsand merkis of his 
awin proper gmdis and geir, for bying of the landis and 
yairdis lyand in the said burgh quhilkis sumtyme pertenit to 
umquhile Sir Johnne Ramsay of Balmane, and for founding 
of ane college for exercise of learning thairinto, be the advise, 
counsale, and discretioun of umquhile Maister Abraham 
Creichtoun, provest of Dunglas, Maister James Makgill of 
Rankeloumethir, Clerk of Register, and umquhile Maister 
Thomas Makcalyeane of Cliftounhall, as the claus of the testa- 
ment of the said Robert, than Bischop of Orknay, at mair 
lenth beris [Reg. Priv. Coun., ii. 528, 529] : — And becaus, ane 
lang tyme efter his deceis, thair wes na diligence done for the 
recovering of the saidis sowmes, accomplesching of the said 



APPENDIX. 165 

legacy^ and fulfilling of the will of the deid, except that laitlie, 
in the regiment of umqnhile James, sumtyme Erll of Mortoun, 
letters simpliciter wer direct, chargeing Walter, Abbat of 
Kynlos, ane of the executouris testamentaris of the said urn- 
quhile Kobert, Bischop of Orknay, to exhibeit and produce 
befoir him and the Lordis of Secrete Counsale for the tyme 
the said sowme of foure thowsand merkis left of the said iim- 
quhile Bischoppis proper guidis, to the effect that the samin 
mycht be bestowit and allowit and employit according to the 
said testament, or ntherwyse to godlie use : quhilkis lettirs 
wer nevir follie execute in the said umquhile Begentis tyme ; 
at the leist, the said sowme of foure thowsand merkis wes 
nevir consignit to the effect foirsaid : — And seing the said 
l^acie wes left to sa gude ane intentioun, and that the haill 
personis to quhais discretioun the accomplesing of the work 
wes committit ar departit this lyff, and that the saidis provest, 
baillies, and communitie hes maist interes at the present tyme 
to persew the fulfilling thairof, seing the said sowme wes left 
in legacie for perfectioun of sic excellent ane work, to remane 
within the said burgh for the weill of the inhabitants thairof 
and utheris his Majesties liegis, the samyn is lyke to tak na 
effect, except his Hienes and the saidis Lordis provide bettir 
remeid : — Humelie desyring, thairfore, that ane Act of Coun- 
sale may be presentlie maid, gevand to the saidis provest, 
baillies, [coun]sale, and communitie, and thair successouris, 
full pouer to follow and persew the said sowme of au[cht 
thow]sand merkis, agaiiis the said Walter, Abbot of Kynlos, 
and all utheris addettit thairfore, [having] the samin place 
and richt that his Majestic hes thairanent, with the like pouer 
in all respects [as the saidis] umquhile Maisteris Abrahame 
Creichtoun, James Makgill, and Thomas Makcalyean had 
aganis the said Walter, Abbat of Kynlos, and quhatsumevir 
uther personis, to the effect the samin may be appointit and 
applyit to the said use quhairunto it wes left, according to the 



166 OURE TOUNIS COLLEDGE. 

will of the deid, sa far as the samin is now able to satisfie ; 
lyke as at mair lenth is contentit in the said supplicatioun. — 
Qnhilk being red, hard and considerit be the Eingis Majestie 
and the saidis Lordis, and his Hienes willing to have the will 
of the deid tending to sa godlie use fulfiUit and to hald hand 
thairunto sa far as in him lyis, his Majestie, thairfore, with 
avise of the saidis Lordis, gevis and grantis to the saidis 
provest, baillies, counsale, and communitie, and thair sncces- 
souris, full pouer to follow and persew for recoverie of the 
saidis sowmes of aucht thowsand merkis fra the said Walter, 
Abbat of E3mlos, and all utheris addettit thairfore ; lyke as 
his Hienes hes gevin and transferrit in thame the same place 
and richt that his Hienes had, hes, or onywyse may have 
thairanent, with the lyke pouer in all respectis and conditionis 
as the saidis umquhile Maister Eobert Creichtoun, James 
Makgill, and Thomas Makcalyean had aganis the said Abbat 
of Kynlos and quhatsumevir uther personis, to the effect the 
samin may be appointit and applyit in maner foirsaid: 
Becaus Alexander Clerk of Balbimy, provest of Edinburgh, 
Robert Eer, younger, and Henry Charters, twa of the baillies 
of the samin, Maister Johnne Prestoun, James Adamesoun, 
Alexander Udward, Johnne Johnnstoun, brother-german to 
James Johnnstoun of Elphingstoun, Johnne Eobertsoun, and 
Michaell Gilbert, burgessis of the said burgh, become actit and 
obleist, conjunctlie and severalie, that the saidis provest, 
baillies, counsale, and communitie sail persew and do thair 
utter and exact diligence for recoverie of the said sowme ; and, 
the samin being recoverit, that thay sail bestow the samin to 
the use foirsaid, according to the will of the deid, within the 
space of ane yeir next thairefter." 



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ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY, D.D, (Dean of Westminster). 

Scripture Portraits and other Miscellanies 
collected from his Published Writings. By 
Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D. Crown 
8vo, gilt top, 5s. 

Uniform with the above. 

VERY REV, FREDERICK W. FARRAR, D.D,, F.R.S. 

{Archdeacon of Westminster), 

Words of Truth and Wisdom. By Very 

Rev. Frederick W. Farrar, D.D., F.R.S. 
Crown 8vo, gilt top, 5s. 

Uniform with the above. 
SAMUEL WILBERFORCE, D.D. {Bishop of Winchester). 

Heroes of Hebrew History. Crown 8vo, 

gilt top, 5s. 

Uniform with the above. 

CARDINAL NEWMAN. 

Miscellanies from the Oxford Sermons of 
John Henry Newman, D.D. Crown 

Svo, gilt top, 5s. 



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CAPTAIN JAMES ABBOTT, 

Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Khiva, Moscow, and St 
Petersburg^h during the late Russian invasion at Khiva, with Map 
and Portrait. 2 vols., demy 8vo, 24s. 

Througrbout the whole of his journey, his readers are led to take the keenest 
interest in himself, and each individaal of his little suite. The most remarkable 
anecdote of this part of his Journey is concerning the prosecution of the Jews, for an 
all^T^ insult to Mohammedanism, not unlike the pretext of Christian persecutors in 
the days of the Crusaders. 

From St Petersbui^h, Captain Abbott returned to England, where he gives an 
amusing account of the difficulties, and mental and physical distresses of his Afghan 
follower. The book concludes with the author's return to India, and with notices of 
the fate of some of the individuals in whom we have been most interested by his 
narrative. 

"The work wUl well repay perusal. The most intrinsically valoable portion is 
perhaps that which relates to the writer's adventures in Khanrism, and at the Court of 
khiva; but the present time imparts a peculiar interest to the sketches of Russian 
character and policy." — London Economist, 

MRS R, K, VAN ALSTINE, 

Charlotte Corday, and her Life during^ the French Revolution. A 

Biography. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

"It is certainly strange that when history is ransacked for picturesque and 
interesting subjects, no one has yet told in E^ngUsh — for so Miss van Alstine remarks, 
and our own recollection supports her negatively— the romantic story of Charlotte 
Corday. The author has carefully studied ner authorities, and taken pains to distin- 
gniish fact from fiction, for fiction, it need hardly be said, has mixed itself plentifully 
with the story of Charlotte Corday. Miss van Alstine has been able to add to this 
story several genuine details that greatly heighten its effect." — Spectator. 

EDWARD L, ANDERSON, 

How to Ride and School a Horse, with a System of Horse 
Gymnastics. Fourth Edition, revised and corrected, crown 8vo, 
2s. 6d. 

" An admirable practical manual of riding."— Scottman. 

" The book deserves perusal by all who have dealings with horses." — Birininglia'm 
Gazette, 

"Though practice is of course essential, it is equally necessary that the practice 
should be gmded by some principle, and the aspirant who adopts the methods ex- 
plained and recommended by Mr Anderson is not likely to regret his choice of an in- 
structor."— Jf omtt^^ Poa. 

D, T ANSTED and R, G, LATHAM, 

The Channel Islands. Revised and Edited by E. Toulmin Nicolle. 
Third Ekiition, profusely illustrated, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

** A uttefnl and entertaining book. The work in well done, and to those who have not 
even paid a flying visit to this beautiful group it is calculated to cause a strong desire 
to explore and oijoy its attractions." — Daily Chronicle. 

** We are extremely glad to see a new edition of this fascinaling work. . . . All 
who know the Channel Islands should read this admirable book ; and many who read 
the book will certainly not rest until they know the Channel Islan \%*'— Black and WkUe. 

PROFESSOR D. T, ANSTED, 

Water, and Water Supply. Chiefly with reference to the British 
Islands. With Maps, 8vo, i8s. 

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MAJOR J. H, LAWRENCE-ARCHER, Bengal H.P, 

The Orders of Chivalry, from the Original Statutes of the various 

Orders of Knighthood and other Sources of Information. With 3 

Portraits and 63 Plates, beautifully coloured and heightened with 

gold, 4to, coloured, £6, 6s., Plain, £'^. 3s. 

" Major Lawrence- Archer has produced a learned and valuable work in his account 
of ' The Orders of Chivalry.' He explains that the object of the book is to supply a 
succinct account of the chivalric oraers in a convenient form. The literary form of 
the work is amply convenient for reference and study. Its material form could be 
convenient only to some knight of the times when armour was worn in the field, and 
men were stronger in the arm than they are now. It is a handsome volume. The 
size of the book is doubtless due to the introduction of a series of engraved plates of 
the badges and crosses of the various orders described. These plates are executed in 
a finished style, and g^ve the work an exceptional value for students of heraldic 
symbolism. The author may be congratulated on the successful issue of a laborious 
and useful tesk."— Scotsman^ 14th May 1888. 

SIR EDWIN ARNOLD, M,A., Author of " The Light of Asia,'' ^c. 

The Book of Good Counsels, Fables from the Sanscrit of the Hito- 
pad^sa. With Illustrations by Gordon Browne. Autograph and 
Portrait, crown 8vo, antique, gilt top, 5s. 

The Same. Superior Edition, beautifully bound, 7s. 6d. 

" It is so long since Sir Eklwin Arnold's Indian fables were in print that they may 
practically be regarded as a new book. In themselves they are almost the fathers of 
all fable, for whereas we know of no source whence the ' Hito]>ad^sa ' could have 
been borrowed, there are evidences of its inspiration and to spare in Bidpai, in iEsop, 
and in most of the later fabulists." — PaU Mall Gazette. 

"Those curious and fascinating stories from the Sanskrit which Sir E!dward 
Arnold has retold in 'The Book of Good Counsels' give us the key to the heart of 
modem India, the writer tells us, as well as the splendid record of her ancient gods 
and glories, quaint narratives, as full of ripe wisdom as the songs of Hiawatha, and 
with the same curious blending of statecraft and wood-magic in them." — Daily 
Telegraph. 

" A new edition comes to hand of this delightful work — a fit companion to ' iBsop's 
Fables' and the 'Jungle Book.' Sir Edwin has done well to republish this record of 
Indian stories and poetical maxims from the Sanskrit. And the illustrations, a speci- 
men of which we give here, what shall we say of them ? Simply that they are equal 
to the text. No more pleasant series of ' Good Counsels' is it possible to find, and we 
are convinced that it is not an ill counsel— far from it — to advise our readers to forth- 
with get this charming work. They will derive not a little pleasure, and perchance 
instruction, from a perusal of the story of the jackal, deer, and crow, of the tiger and 
the traveller, of the lion, the jackals, and the bull, of the black snake and golden 
chain, of the frogs^nd the old serpent, and of all the other veracious chronicles 
herein set torth."— Whitehall Review. ' 

S. BARING-GOULD, M.A.,Atahorof''Mehalah;'^c, . 

In Troubadour Land. A Ramble in Provence and Languedoc, with 
Illustrations by J. E. Rogers. Medium 8vo, 12s. 6d. 

" The title of Mr Baring-Gould's book only indicates one of the many points of 
interest which will attract the intelligent traveller during a tour in Provence and 
Languedoc. Besides troubadours, there are reminiscences of Greek colonisation and 
Roman Empire, of the Middle Ages, and of the Revolution. . . . The illustrations 
which adorti the pages of this very readable volume are decidedly above the average. 
The arm-chair traveller will not easily find a pleasanter c<nnpagnon de voyage." — ^ 
Jame^s Gazette. 

" A most charming book, brightly written, and profusely illustrated with exquisite 
engravings." — Glasgow Herald. 

**A charming book, full of wit and fancy and information, and worthy of its 
subject. "—«SBcot«nuin. 



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SIR E, C. BAYLEY, 

The Local Muhammadan Dynasties, Gujarat. Forming a Sequel to 
Sir H. M. Elliott's ** Histofy of the Muhammadan Empire of India," 
demy 8vo, 2 is. 

WYJCE BA YLISS, 

The Enchanted Island, the Venice of Titian, and other studies in Art, 
with Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

"Richly imaginative and full of eloquent and frequently highly poetical thought." 
—Standard. 

" A charm which would render it difficult for any one to lay the book aside till the 
last p£^e is reached." — Art Journal. 

** A clever lecturer might pick more than one chapter as a good bit for evening 
readings. "—G^apAic. 

The Hig^her Life in Art. Crown 8vo, with Illustrations, 6s. 

"The style has the grace which comes by culture, and no small share of the 
eloquence bred of earnest conviction. Mr Bayliss writes as a man who, having seen 
much, has also read and thought much on fine art questions. His views are therefore 
entitled to that respectful attention which the pleasant dress in which he has clothed 
them renders it all tibe easier to accord." — Seotmuin. 

^ The writing is that of a scholar and a gentleman, and though the critical faculty 
is often evinced in a subtle and discriminating form, all allusions to individuals are 
made with so much of the kindliness of true good taste, that we are almost conscious 
of a reluctance in disagreeing with the author." — The Spectator. 

** Mr Wyke Bayliss is at the same time a practical artist and a thoughtful writer. 
The combination is, we regret to say, as rare as it is desirable. . . He deals ably and 
clearly — notably so in this present book — with questions of the day of practical and 
immediate importance to artists and to the Art public. . . We prefer to send the 
reader to the volume itself, where he will find room for much reflection." — The 
Academy. 

" One of the most humorous and valuable of the general articles on Art is Mr Wyke 
Bayliss' ' Story of a Dado.' "—The Standard. 

MISS SOPHIA BEALE. 

The Churches of Paris from Clovis to Charles X., with numerous 
Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

Contents :— Notre Dame; Notre Dame des Champs; Notre Dame de Lorette; 
Notre Dame des Victoires; Genevieve; Val de Qrace; Ste. Chapelle; St Martin; St 
Martin des Champs; Etienne dn Mont; Eustache ; Germain I'Auxerrois; Germain des 
Prds; Gervais; Jnlien; Jacques; Leu; Laurent; Merci; Nicolas; Paul; Boch; 
Sevorin; V. dePaul; Madeleine; Elizabeth; Sorbonne; Invalides. 

'* An interesting study of the historical, archseological, and legendary associations 
which belong to the principal churches of Paris." — Times. 

<* A comprehensive work, as readable as it is instructive. The literary treatment is 
elaborate, and the illustrations are numerous and attractive." — Olobe. 

"For the more serious-minded type of visitor who is capable of concerning himself 
in the treasures of art and store of traditions they contain, Miss Beale has prepared 
her book on the Churches of Paris. It is more than an ordinary guide-book, for it 
mingleis personal opinion and comment with curious information drawn from the old 
and new authorities on the history and contents of the more ancient and celebrated of 
the Paris churches."— iSN(;ot«9nan. 

" A monument of historical research and Judicious compilation is The Churches of 
Paris from Clovis to Charles X., by Sophia Beale (Allen and Co.). This valuable 
work, copiously and gracefully illustrated by the author, is destined to serve as a 
complete vade-mecum to those British visitors to the French capital who take a special 
interest in ecdesiastioal architecture and in the curious mediaeval lore connected with 
several of the venerable Parisian fanes that have survived wars and sieges, revolutions 
and spasms of urban ' improvement,' throughout from six to eight centuries."— Daify 
Telegraph, 

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MONSEIGNEUR BESS ON. 

Frederick Francis Xavier de Merode, Minister and Almoner to Pius 
IX. His Life and Works. Translated by Lady Herbert. Crown 
8vo, 7s. 6d. 

**The book is most interestiag, not onlr to Gatholios, but to all who care for 
adventuroos lives and also to historical inquirers. De Merode's career as an officer of 
the Belgian army, as a volunteer in Algeria with the French, and afterwards at the 
Papal Court, is described with much spirit by lionseigneur Besson, and Bishop of 
Nimes, who is the author of the original work. The book, which is now translated, 
was written with permission of the present Pope, and is, of course, a work agreeable 
to the authorities of the Vatican, but at the same time its tone leaves nothing to be 
desired by those who are members of the communions. ''—^tA^msum. 



SIR GEORGE BIRDWOOD, M.D., K,C,I^E., ^c. 

Report on the Old Records of the India Office, with Maps and 
Illustrations. Royal 8vo, 12s. 6d. 

** No one knows better than Sir Gteorge Birdwood how to make * a bare and short- 
hand' index of documents attractive, instructive and entertaining, by means of 'the 
notes and elaoidatory comments which he supplies so liberally, and so pleasantly 
withal, from his own inexhaustible stores of information concerning the early relations 
of India with Europe." — Timf*. 

" The wonderful story (of the rise of the British Indian Empire) has never been 
better told. ... A better piece of work is very rarely met with.** — Tht Anti-Jaeobin, 

^'Offiaial publications have not as a rule any general interest; but as there are 
' fagots and fagots' so there are reports and reports, and Sir George Birdwood's Beport 
on the Old Records of the India Office is one of the most interesting that could be rrad." 
— Journal des Debats. 



HENRY BLACKBURN, Editor of ''Academy Notes, 



» 



The Art of Illustration. A Popular Treatise on Drawing for the Press. 
Description of the Processes, &c. Second edition. With 95 Illustra- 
tions by Sir John Gilbert, R.A., H. S. Marks, R.A., G. D. 
Leslie, R.A., Sir John Millais, R.A., Walter Crane, R. W. Mac- 
beth, A.R.A., G. H. Boughton, A.R.A., H. Railton, Alfred East, 
Hume Nisbet, and other well-known Artists. 7s. 6d. 

A capital handbook for Students. 

" We thoroughly commend his book to all whom it may concern, and chiefly to the 
proprietors of the popular Journals and magazines which, for cheapness rather than 
for art's sake, employ any of the numerous processes which are now in vogue." — 

" Let us conclude with one of the axioms in a fascinating volume : ' Be an artist 
firsts and an illustrator afterwards.' " — Spectator. 

" ' The Art of Illustration ' is a brightly written account, by a man who has had 
arge experience of the wa;^s in which books and newspapers are illustrated nowadays. 
... As a collection of typical illustrations by artists of the day, Mr Blaokbom's book 
is very attractive." — The Times. 

** Mr Blackburn explains the processes— line, half-tone, and so forth— exemplifying 
each by the drawings of artists more or less skilled in the modem work of illustra- 
tion. They are well chosen as a whole, to show the possibilities of process work in 
trained hands."— Satu/dai/ Review. 

" Mr Blackburn's volume should be very welcome to artists, editors, and pub- 
lishers."— TAe Artist. 

*' A most useful book."— 5Cudto. 



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E, BONAVIAy M,D,t Brigade-Surgeon, Indian Medical Service, 

The Cultivated Oranges and Lemond of India and Ceylon. Demy 
8vo, with oblong Atlas volume of Plates, 2 vols., 30s. 

"The amounc of labour and research that Dr Bona via must have expended on these 
volumes would be very difficult to estimate, and it is to be hoped that he will be 
repaid, to some extent at least, by the recognition of his work by those who are 
interested in promoting the internal industries of India."— ^Tome News. 

** Dr Bonavia seems to have so thoroughly exhausted research into the why and 
wherefore of oranges and lemons, that there can be but little left for the most 
enthusiastic admirer of this delicious fruit to find out about it. Plunging into Dr 
Bonavia's pages we are at once astonished at the variety of his subject and the wide 
field there is for research in an everyday topic. Dr Bonavia has given a very full 
appendix, in which may be found a few excellent recipes for confitures made from 
oranges and lemons."— rA« Pioneer. 

R, BRAITHWAITE, M,D., RL,S., iS-r. 
The Sphagnaceae, or Peat Mosses of Europe and North America. 
Illustrated with 29 plates, coloured by hand, imp. 8vo, 25s. 

'All muBcologists will be delighted to hail the appearance of this im- 
portant work . . . Never before has our native moss-flora been bo earefuUy 
figured and described, and that by an acknowledged authority on the subject. " 
— Science Gossip, 

'* Mosses, perhaps, receive about as little attention from botanists as iiny 
class of plants, and considering how admirably mosses lend themselves to the 
collector's purposes, this is very remarkable. Something may be due to the 
minuteness of the size of many of the species, and something perhaps to the 
difficulties inherent in the systematic treatment of these plants ; but we fan<oy 
the chief cause of comparative neglect with which they are treated is to be 
sought in the want of a good illustrated English treatise upon them. In the 
work which is now before us, Dr Braithwaite aims at placing the British 
mosses on the same vantage-ground as the more favoured classes of the vege- 
table kingdom ; and judging from the sample lately issued, he will succeed in 
his endeavours." — PopiUar Science Review, 

''TOM bowling:' 

Book of Knots (The). Illustrated by 1^2 Examples, showing: the 
manner of making every Knot, Tie, and Splice. By '^Tom 
Bowling." Third EHition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

Edited by JAMES BURROWS, 
Byron Birthday Book. i6mo, cloth, gilt edges, 2s. 6d. 

A handsome book. 

B, CARRINGTON, M.D,, F,R,S, 

British Hepaticas. Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Native 
Species of Jungermannia, Marchantia, and Anthoceros. With plates 
coloured by hand. Imp.^vo, Parts i to 4, all published per set, 15s. 

S, WELLS WILLIAMS, LL,D,y Professor of the Chinese Language 

and Literature at Yale College, 

China — The Middle King^dom. A Survey of the Geography, Govern- 
ment, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire 
and its Inhabitants. Revised Edition, with 74 Illustrations and a 
New Map of the Empire. 2 vols. , demy 8vo, 42s. 

" The work now before as is second to none in tboronghness, comprehensiveness, 
and all the tokens of accuracy of which an * outside barbarian ' can take cognisance. 
—A. P. Pkabodt. 

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8 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



SURGEON-MAJOR Z. A. WADDELL, M.B, 
The Buddhism of Tibet. With its Mystic Cults, Symbolism, and 
Mythology, and in its relation to Indian Buddhism, with over 200 
Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 600 pp., 31s. 6d. 

Synopsis of Contents :— Introductory. Historvcal — Changes in Primi- 
tive Buddhism leading to Lamaism — Bise, Development, and Spread of 
Lamaism — The Sects of Lamaism. Doctrinal — Metaphysical Sources of the 
Doctrine — The Doctrine and its Morality — Scriptures and Literature. M(m- 
astic—ThQ Order of Lamas — Daily Life and Boutine — Hierarchy and Bein- 
camate Lamas. Buildings — Monasteries— Temples and Cathedral — Shrines 
(and Belies and Pilgrims). Mythology and Gods — ^Pantheon and Images — 
Sacred Symbols and Charms. Ritual and Sorcery — Worship and Bitual — 
Astrology and Divination — Sorcery and Necromancy. Festivals and Plays — 
Festivals and Holidays — Mysic Plays and Masquerades and Sacred Plays. 
Popular Lamaism — Domestic and Popular Lamaism. Appendices— Chxono- 
logical Table— Bibliography — Index. 

**B^ far the most important mass of original materials contributed to this 
recondite study.*' — The Times, 

**Dr Waddell deals with the whole subject in a most exhaustive manner, 
and gives a clear insight into the structure, prominent features, and cults of 
the system ; and to disentangle the early history of Lamaism from the chaotic 
growth of fable which has invested it, most of the chief internal movement« 
of Lamaism are now for the first time presented in an intelligible and syste- 
matic form. The work is a valuable addition to the long series that have 
preceded it, and is enriched by numerous illustrations, mostly from originals 
brought from Lhasa, and from photographs by the author, while it is fully 
indexed, and is provided with a chronological table and bibliography." — 
Liverpool Courier, 

" A book of exceptional interest." — Glasgow Herald. 

'*A learned and elaborate work, likely for some time to come to be a 
source of reference to all who seek information about Lamaism. ... In 
the appendix will be found a chronological table of Tibetan events, and a 
bibliography of the best literature bearing on Lamaism. There is also an 
excellent index, and the numerous illustrations are certainly one of the dis- 
tinctive features of the book." — Morning Post, 

'* Cannot fail to arouse the liveliest interest. The author of this excel- 
lently produced, handsomely illustrated volume of nearly six hundred pages 
has evidently spared no pains in prosecuting his studies. . . . The book 
is one of exceptional value, and will attract all those readers who take an 
interest in the old religions of the far East." — Publisher!^ Circular, 

" The anther is one of few Europeans who, have entered the territory of the Grand 
Lama, and spent several years in studying the actualities of Lamaism as explained by 
Lamas. A Lamaist temple with its fittings was purchased, and the ofiSciating priests 
explained in full detail the symbolism and the riles as they proceeded. Other temples 
and monasteries were visited and Lamas employed for copying manuscripts, and 
searching for texts bearing upon the author's researches. Enjoying special facilities 
for penetrating the reserve of Tibetan ritual, and obtaining direct from Lhasa and 
Tashi-lhunpo most of the objects and explanatory material needed, much information 
has been obtained on Lamaist theory and practice which is altogether new." 

** The internal developments and movements of Lamaism are now for the first time 
presented in an intelligible and systematic form. Details of the principal rites, mystic 
and other deep-rooted demon worship and dark sorcery, the religious Plays and 
Festivals, are given fully.*' 

With numerous illustrations from originals brought from Lhasa, 
and from photographs by the author. 



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of Messrs W, H, Allen 6^ Co,^s Publications, 



M. C. COOKE, M.A,, LL.D, 
*«* For fuller notices of Dr Cooke's works see under Scientiflc, pp. 29, 30. 
The British Fung^ : A Plain and Easy Account of. With Coloured 
Plates of 40 Species. Fifth Edition, Revised, crown 8vo, 6s. 

Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould. An Introduction to the Study of 
Microscopic Fungi. Illustrated with 269 Coloured Figures by J. E. 
Sowerby. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with Appendix of 
New Species. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

Handbook of British Hepaticas. Containing Descriptions and Figures 
of the Indigenous Species of Marchantia, Jungermannia, Riccia, and 
Anthoceros, illustrated. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

Our Reptiles and Batrachians. A Plain and Easy Account of the 
Lizards, Snakes, Newts, Toads, Frogs, and Tortoises indigenous to 
Great Britain. New and Revised Edition. With Origfinal Coloured 
Pictures of every species, and numerous woodcuts, crown Svo, 
6s. 

K C. DANVERS, 

Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on the 
Portuguese Records relating to the East Indies, contained in 
the Archivo da Torre de Tombo, and the Public Libraries at Lisbon 
and Evora. Royal 8vo, sewed, 6s. net. 

REV, A, /. D. D'ORSEY, B,D., K.C., P.O.C, 

Portuguese Discoveries, Dependencies, and Missions in Asia and 
Africa, with Maps. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

Contents. 

Book I. Book III.— eoniinued 

Introdoctory. The Archbishop of Goa. 

The Portagnese in Europe and Asia. xhe Synod of Diamper. 

Portugal and the Portuguese. The Triumph of Eome. 
Portuguese Discoveries in the Fifteenth 

Century. Book IV. 

^^^SK!!^*h%?n^ ""' ^'***'* ^ *^^ Subsequent Missions in Southern India, 
TVii p^rJf,^„«ofpVi7r«, ,« ♦»,« n5^*a^«*h ^i*^ special reference to the Syrians. 

^^ n2^^?r^ ^ Sixteenth Radiation Sf Mission of Goa. 

oentury. rpj^^ Madura Mission. 

Book II. Portuguese Missions in the Gamatic. 

The Portuguese Missions in Southern Syrian Christians in the Seventeenth 

India. Century. 

Early History of the Church in India. Syrian Christians in the Eighteenth 
First Meeting of the Portuguese with the Century. 

Syrians. g^j^ Y 

Pioneers of the Portuguese Missions. ™. ,> ,,. . 

The Eise of the Jesuits. The Portuguese Missions, with special 
The Jesuits in Portugal. reference to Modem Missionary 

St Francis Xavier's Mission in India. ^^ efforts in South India. , , „ ^ 

Subsequent Missions in the Sixteenth The First Protestant Mission in South 

Century. „ India. 

_ , ___ English Missions to the Syrians 1806-16. 

Book III. English Missions and the Syrian 
The Subjn^tion of the Syrian Church. Christians. 

Boman Claim of Supremacy. The Disruption and its Results. 

First Attempt, by the Franciscans. Present State of the Syrian Christians. 

Second Attempt, by the Jesuits. The Bevival of the Romish Missions in 
The Struggle against Borne. India. 

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a Z. EASTLAKE. 

Notes on the Principal Pictures in the Royal Gallery at Venice. 
Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

VERY REV, FREDERICK W. FARRAR, D,D., FR.S, 

{Archdeacon of Westminster), 

Words of Truth and Wisdom, by Very Rev. Frederick W. Farrar, 
D,D., F.R.S. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 5s. 

Contents. 

Christian Statesmanship. The Cionquest over Temp- The Monks. 

Legislative Duties. tation. The Early Franciscans. 

The Use of Gifts and Oppor- Too Late. The Hermits. 

tonities. The Souls of the Departed. The Missionaries. 

The Brotherhood of Man. MThat Heaven is. The Martyrs. 

Energy of Christian Service. No Discharge in the War Seneca. 

Chrisnanity and the Human against Sin. ' Seneca and St Paul. 

Race. The Dead which die in the Gallio and St Paul. 

Christianitv and Individual. Lord. Roman Society in the days 

The Victories of Christianity. The Resurrection of the of St Paul. 

The Christian Remedy against Dead. Sanskrit. 

the Frailties of Life. The Blighted Life. Greek and Hebrew. 

Prayer, the. Antidote of Wisdom and Knowledge. Aryan Migrations. 

Sorrow. The Voice of History. Words. 

*' In theological views he might be described as standing between the Evangelical 
party and the Broad Church ; but his knowledge, coloured by a poetic temperament, 
his superabundant fertility, and eloquent luxuriance of style, have gained for him a 
unique position in the theol(^cal thought of the last twenty years." — Celebrities of the 
Century, 

GENERAL GORDON, C,B, 

Events in the Taeping Rebellion, being Reprints of MSS. copied by 
General Gordon, C.B., in his own handwriting; with Monograph, 
Introduction, and Notes, by A. Egmont Hake, Author of ** The Story 
of Chinese Gordon." With Portrait and Map, demy 8vo, 18s. 

'*The publication of this volume completes what may be called the personal 
narrative of General (Gordon's eventful life told in his own words." — Mancheuer 
Ouardian. 

" There is no doubt that a wide circle of readers will like to read tba story in the 
very words of the galluat leader of the ^ Ever Victorious Army.' " — Daily Qraphic. 

A handy book of reference. 

Companion to the Writing Desk; or. How to Address, Begin, and 
End Letters to Titled and Official Personages. Together with a 
Table of Precedence, copious List of Abbreviations, Rules for Com- 
position and Punctuation, Instructions on Preparing for the Press, &c. 

32mo, IS. 

A useful manual which should be in every ofQce. 

BARON CUVIER, 

The Animal Kingdom, with considerable Additions by W. B. Carpenter, 
M.D., F.R.S., and J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. New Edition, Illustrated 
with 500 Engravings on Wood and 36 Coloured Plates, imp. 8vo, 

2IS. 

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M, GRIFFITH, 

India's Princes, short Life Sketches of the Native Rulers of India, 
with 47 full-page Illustrations. Demy 4to, gilt top, 2 is. 

The oonteats are arranged in the foUovring order:— Tea Pu.vjaub— H.H. The 
Maharaja of Oashmere, H.H. The Maharaja of Patiala, H.H. The Maharaja of Eapar- 
thalla. BA.JPUTANA— The Maharaja of Oaldpar, The Maharaja of Jeypore, The Maha- 
raja of Jodhpur, The Maharaja of Uvfar, The Maharaja of Bhurtpar. Gbntbal India. 
— H.H. The Maharaja Holkar of Indoro, H.H. The Maharaja Sdndia of Gwallor, H.H. 
The Begum of Bhopal. The Bombay Pbbstdbnct— H.H. The Oaikv^ar of Baroda, H.H. 
The Bao of Catch, H.H. The Baja of Eolhapur, H.H. The Nairah of'Jaarrghad. H.H. 
The Thakore Sahib of Bhavnagar, H.H. The Thakore Sahib of Dhangadra, H.H. The 
Thakore Sahib of Morvi, H.H. The Tbakore Sahib of QondaL Southbbn India— H.H. 
The Nizam of Hyderabad, H.H. The Maharaja of Mysore, H.H. The Maharaja of 
Travancore, Ac. 

** A handsome volnme, containing a series of photographic portraits and local views 
with accompanying letterpress, giving biographical and political details, carefully com- 
piled and attractively presented.*'— ^ma. 

GEORGE GRESSWELL. 

The Diseases and Disorders- of the Ox. Second Edition, demy 8vo, 

7s. 6d. 

"This is perhaps one of the best of the popular books on the subject which has 
been published in recent years, and demonstrates in a most unmistakable manner 
the great advance that has been made in Bovine and Ovine Pathology since the days 
of Touatt. ... To medical me^i who desire to know something of the disorders 
of such an important animal — speaking hygienically — as the Ox, the work can be 
recommended.'^ — The Lancet. 

C. HAMILTON. 

Hedaya or Guide, a Commentary on the Mussuhnan Laws. 

Second Edition, with Preface and Index by S. G. Grady, 8vo, 35s. 

The great Law-Book of India, and one of the most important monuments of Mussul- 
man le^slation in existence. 

** A work of very high authority in all Moslem countries. It discusses most of the 
subjects mentioned in the Koran and Sonna." — Mill s Mohammedanism. 

** A valuable work."— Allibonb. 

JOSEPH HA YDN. 

Book of Disunities, containing lists of the Official Personages of the 
British Empire, Civil, Diplomatic, Heraldic, Judicial, £k:clesiastical. 
Municipal, Naval, and Military, from the Earliest Periods to the 
Present Time, together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of the World 
from the Foundation of their respective States ; the Orders of 
Knighthood of the United Kingdom and India, and numerous other 
lists. Founded on Beatson's "Political Index "(1806). Remodelled 
and brought down to 1851 by the late Joseph Haydn. Con- 
tinued to the Present Time, with numerous additional lists, 
and an Index to the entire Work, by Horace Ockerby, 
Solicitor of the Supreme Court. Demy 8vo, 25s. 

" The most complete official directory in existence, containing about 1,300 different 
lists.*'— r»7n««. 

" The value of such a book can hardly be overrated." — Saturday Review. 

*' A perfect monument of patient labour and research, and invaluable for many 
purposes of reference." — Truth. 

**This valuable work has cost its editor, Mr Horace Ockerby, a great deal of labour, 
and does infinite credit to his research and industry." — World. 

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1 2 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



Rev. H. R. HAWEIS, M.A,, Author of ''Music and Morals," 

Sir Morell Mackenzie, Physician and Operator, a Memoir, compiled 
and edited from Private Papers and Personal Reminiscences. New 
Edition, with Portrait and copy of Autograph Letter from the Queen, 
crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

Contents. 

Family Tree. Private Practice. The Respite. 

Surroundings. Leisure Hours. The Last Voyi^e. 

Boyhood. ' The Emperor. Last Glimpses. 

A Vocation. The German Doctors. The End. 

The Throat Hospital. The Book. 

" Mr Haweis writes not only fearlessly, but with remarkable freshness and vigour. 
He is occasionally eloquent, and even pathetic. In all that he says we perceive a 
transparent honesty and singleness of purpose."— iSSattfrday Review. 

*' A deeply interesting book, and one which challenges in a most striking and fear- 
less manner the stem verdict which Sir lioreU's own profession so generally passed 
upon his conduct before and after the death of his illustrious patient the Emperor. . . 
The volume Is full of absolutely interesting details, many among them new." — Daily 
Teleffraph. 

HOWARD HENSMAN, Special Correspondent of the ''Pioneer'' 
{Allahabad) attd the " Daily News " {London), 

The Afghan War, 1879-80. Being a complete Narrative of the Capture 
of Cabul, the Siege of Sherpur, the Battle of Ahmed Khel, the March 
to Candahar, and the defeat of Ayub Khan. With Maps, demy 8vo, 
2 is. 

*•*■ Sir Frederick Boberts says of the letters here published in a collected form that 
* nothing coald be more accurate or graphic." As to accuracy no one can be a more 
competent judge than Sfr Frederick, and his testimony stamps the book before us as 
constituting especially trustworthy material for history. Of much that he relates Mr 
Hensman was an eye-witness ; of the rest he was informed by eye-witnesses immedi- 
ately after the occurrence of the events recorded. There could, therefore, be little doubt 
as to the facts mentioned. Credibility might be concurrent with incorrect deductions, 
bat we are assured b^ Sir Frederick Boberts that lir Hensman's accuracy is complete 
In all respects. Mr Hensman enjoyed singular advantages daring the first part of the 
war, for he was the only special correspondent who accompanied the force which 
marched out of Ali Eheyl in September 1879. One of the most interesting portions of 
the book is that which describes the march of Sir Frederick Boberts from Oabnl to 
Candahar. The descriptioa of the Mai wand disaster is given with combined clearness, 
simplicity, and power, and will be read with the utmost interest Indeed, the book is 
in every respect interesting and well written, and reflects the greatest credit on the 
author. *'—Athen€Bum. 

SIR JOHN F, W. HERSCHEL, Bart., K,H., ^c, Member of 

the Institute of France, 6r'c. 

Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects. New Edition, crown 8vo, 
6s. 

*' We are reminded of the rapid progress made by science within the last quarter of 
a century by the publication of a new edition of Sir John Herschel's Popular Lecture* 
on Scientific Subjects. In 186L, spectrum analysis, as applied to the heavenly bodies, 
was referred to as a possibility; now it is not only an accomplished fact, but the 
analysis of the gases contained in the sun has led to the discovery of one of them, 
helium, upon the earth. Some of the lectures, such as that on light, are practically 
popular treatises on the particular subject to which they refer, and can be read with 
advantage even by advanced students.*'— TAe Westminster Review. 



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REV, T, P, HUGHES. 

Dictionary of Islam. Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, 

Ceremonies, and Customs, together with the Technical and Theological 

Terms of the Muhammadan Religion. With numerous Illustrations, 

royal 8vo, £2, 2s. 

" Sach a work as this has long been needed, and it would be hard to find any one 
better qaalifled to prepare it than Mr Hughes. His * Notes on Mnhammadanism,' of 
which two editions have appeared, have proved decidedly useful to students of Islam, 
especially in India, and his long familiarity with the tenets and customs of Moslems 
has placed him in the best possible position for deciding what is necessary and what 
superfluous in a * Dictionary of Islam.* His usual method is to begin an article with 
the text in the Koran relating to the subject, then to add the traditions bearing upon it, 
and to conclude with the comments of the Mohammedan scholiasts and ^e criticisms 
of Western scholars. Such a method, while involving an infinity of labour, produces 
the best results in point of accuracy and comprehensiveness. The difficult task of 
compiling a .dictionary of so vast a subject as Islam, with its many sects, its saints, 
khalifs, ascetics, and dervishes, its festivals, ritual, and sacred places, the dress, 
manners, and customs of its professors, its commentators, technical terms, science of 
tradition and interpretatiop, its superstitions, magic, and astrology, its theoretical 
doctrines and actual practices, has been accomplished with singular success ; and Uie 
dictionary nill have its place among the standard works of reference in eveiy library 
that professes to take account of the religion which governs the lives of forty millions 
of the Queen's subjects. The articles on 'Marriage,* 'Women,' * Wives,* * Slavery,' 
< Tradition,* ' Sufi,* • Muhammad,' * Da'wah ' or Incantation, * Burial,' and ' God,' are 
especially admirable. Two artides deserve special notice. One is an elaborate account 
of Arabic * Writing* by Dr Steingass, which contains a vast quantity of useful matter, 
and is well illustrated by woodcuts of the chief varieties of Arabic script The other 
article to which we refer with special emphasis is Mr F. Pincott on * Sikhism.' There 
is something on nearly every page of the dictionary that will interest and instruct the 
students of Eastern religion, manners, and customs."— vKA^vMeum. 

Dictionary of Muhammadan Theology, 

Notes on Muhammadanism, by Rev. T. P. Hughes. Third Edition, 
revised and enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 

** Altogether an admirable little book. It combines two excellent qualities, abun- 
dance of facts and lack of theories. ... On every one of the numerous heads (over 
fifty) into which the book is divided, Mr Hughes furnishes a large amount of very 
valuable information, which it would be exceedingly difficult to collect from even a 
large libraiy of works on the subject. The book might well be called a ' Dictionary of 
MnhammadBin Theology,' for we know of no English work which combines a methodical 
arrangement (and consequently facility of reference) with fulness of Information in so 
high a degree as t^e little volume before us." — The Academy. 

*' It contains mtUtum in parvo, and is about the best outlines of the tenets of the 
Muslim faith which we have seen. It has, moreover, the rare merit of being accurate ; 
and, although it contains a few passages which we would gladly see expunged, It can- 
not fail to Ira useful to all Qovemment employes who have to deal with Muhiunmadans ; 
whilst to missionaries it will be invaluable.*' — The Times of India. 

'* It is manifest throughout the work that we have before us the opinions of one 
thoroughly conversant with the subject, and who is uttering no random notions. . . . 
We strongly recommend * Notes on Muhammadanism.' Oar clergy especially, even 
though they are not missiouaries, and have no intention of labouring amongst Muham- 
madans, or consorting with them, ought to have at least as much knowledge of the 
system as can be most readily acquired, with a very little careful study, from this use- 
ful treatise."— 2%e Record. 

SIR W, HUNTER, 

Bengal MS. Records. A Selected List of Letters in the Board of 
Revenue, Calcutta, 1782- 1807, with an Historical Dissertation and 
Analytical Index. 4 vols. , demy 8vo, 30s. 

A Statistical Account of Bengal. 20 vols., demy 8vo, £6, 
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J. HUNTER^ late Hon, Sec. of the British Bee-keepers' Association. 

A Manual of Bee-keepingf. Containing Practical Information 'for 
Rational and Profitable Methods of Bee Management. Full Instruc- 
tions on Stimulative Feeding, Ligurianising and Queen -raising, with 
descriptions of the American Comb Foundation, Sectional Supers, and 
the best" Hives and Apiarian Appliances on all Systems. Fourth 
Edition, with Illustrations, crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" We are indebted to Mr J. Hunter, Honorary Secretary of the British Bee-keepers* 
Anodation. His Manual of Bee-keeping, Just published, is full to the very brim of 
choioe and practical hints fully up to the most advanced stages of ApiariMi Science, 
and its perusal has afforded us so much pleasure that we have drawn some?rfaat Uqpely 
from it for the benefit of our readers."— £ee-ib0ep«r«' Magaziru (New Yoric). 

*' It is profusely illustrated with engravings, which are almost always inserted for 
their utility. . . . There is an old saying that ' easy writing is hard reading/ but we 
will not say tiius much of Mr Hunter's book, which, taken as a whole, is perhaps the 
most generally useful of any now published in this country." — The Field. 

MAJOR LEIGH HUNT, Madras Army, and ALEX. S. KENNY, 
M.RmC.S.E., A.JC.C, Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy at King's 

College, London. 

On Duty under a Tropical Sun. Being some Practical Suggestions 
for the Maintenance of Health and Bodily Comfort, and the Treatment 
of Simple Diseases ; with remarks on Clothing and Equipment. 
Second Edition, crown 8vo, 4s. 

"This litUe book is devoted to the description and treatment of many tropical 
diseases and minor emergencies, supplemented by some useful hints on diet, clothing, 
and equipment for travellers in tropical climates. The issue of a third edition proves 
that the book has hitherto been successful. On the whole we can commend the hints 
which have been given for the treatment of various diseases, but in some places much 
has been left to the knowledge of the reader in the selection and application of a 
remedy."— Scottish Oeograjohiedl Maacuine. 

" Is written more especially for the rougher sex, and is only less important than 
Tropical Trials ' because it has had many more predecessors. It is now in a third edition, 
and contains practical suggestions for the maintenance of health and bodily comfort, 
as well as the treatment of simple diseases, with useful remarks on clotiiing and equip- 
ment for the guidance of travellers Abroad."— Daily Telegraph. 

Tropical Trials. A Handbook for Women in the Tropics. Crown 8vo, 

7s. 6d. 
" Is a valuable handbook for women in the East, and, we are glad to see, now in its 
second edition. It does not treat theoretically of the maladies incidental to Europeans 
in hot climates, or go deepiv into those matters which properly belong to the experi- 
enced doctor, but it gives plain, wholesome advice on matters of health, which, were 
it scrupulously followed, it is not too much to say would add fifty per cent, to the 
enjoyment of our countrywomen abroad. She could scarcely have a better g^uide as 
to what to do and what not to do than this excellent handbook, which deserves to be 
included in every woman's foreign outfit."— Dat^y Telegraph. 

fOHN H. INGRAM. 
The Haunted H^mes and Family Traditions of Great Britain, 

Illustrated. Ciown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

Epitomised in One Volume by R. a BYRNE, F.R.G.S., ^c. 

James* Naval History. A Narrative of the Naval Battles, Single Ship 
Actions, Notable Sieges, and Dashing Cutting-out Expeditions, fought 
in the days of Howe, Hood, Duncan, St Vincent, Bridport, Nelson, 
Camperdown, Exmouth, Duckworth, and Sir Sydney Smith. Crown 
8vo, 5s. 



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MRS GRACE JOHNSON, Siher Medallist Cookery, Exhibition, 
Ang^lo-Indian and Oriental Cookery. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" Overflows with all sorts of delicious and economical recipes."— Poit Mall BudffeL 
" Housewives and professors of ttie ffentle art of oookery who deplore the deMth 
oi dainty dishes will find a veritable gold mine in Mrs Johnson's book.**— PoU Mall 
Gazette. 

Appeals to us from a totally original standpoint. She has thoroughly and- oom* 
pletely investigated native and Anglo-Indian cuisines, and brought awa^ the very best 
specimens of tiieir art. Her pillau and kedgree are perfect, in our opinion ; oanie* 
are soientifio^y classed and explained, and some of the daintiest recipes we have ev«r 
seen are given, but the puddings particularly struck our fancy. Puddings as a rule 
are 8o naity I The puddmg that is nourishing is hideously insipid, and of the smart 

Sudding it may truly be said that its warp is dyspepsia, and its woof indigestion. Mrs 
ohnson's puddings are both good to taste and pretty to look at, and the names of 
some of her native dishes would brighten any menu. 

H, G. KEENE, CLE,, B,C,S,, M,R,A,S,, ^^c. 

History of India. From the Earliest Times to the Present. Day. For 
the use of Students and Colleges. 2 vols, with Maps. Crown 8vo, 
1 6s. 

" The main merit of Mr Eeene's performance lies in the fact that he has assimilated 
all the antborities, and has been careful to bring his book down to date. He has been 
carefol in researcn, and has availed himself of the most recent materials. He is well 
known as the author of other works on Indian history, and his capacity for his self- 
imposed task will not be questioned. We mast content ourselves with wis brief testi- 
mony to the labour and skill bestowed by him upon a subject of vast interest and 
importance. Excellent proportion is preserved in dealing with the various episodes, 
and the style is clear and graphic. The volumes are supplied with many useful maps, 
and the appendix include notes on Indian law and on recent books about India." — 
aiobt. 

** Mr Keene has the admirable element of fairness in dealing with the soooesaion of 
great questions that pass over his pages, and he wisely devotes a full half of his work 
to the present century. The appearance of such a book, and of every such book, upon 
India is to be hailed at present. A fair-minded presentment of Indian history like uuat 
contained in Mr Eeene's two volumes is at this moment peculiarly welcome.'* — Timet. 

An Oriental Biographical Dictionary. Founded on Materials collected 

by the late Thomas William Beale. New Edition, revised and 

enlarged, royal 8vo, 28s. 

*' A complete biographical dictionary for a country like India, which In its long 
history has produced a profusion of great men, would be a vast undertaking. The 
suggestion here made only indicates the line on which the dictionary, at some future 
time, could be almost indefinitely extended, and rendered still more valuable as a work 
of reference. Groat care has evidently been taken to secure the accuracy of all that 
has been included in the work, and that is of far more importance than mere bulk. 
The dictionary can be commended as trustworthy, and reflects much credit on Mr 
Keene. Several Interesting lists of rulers are given under the various founders of 
dynasties. ** — India, 

The Fall of the Moghul Empire. From the Death of Aurungzeb to 
the Overthrow of the Mahratta Power. A New Edition, with Correc- 
tions and Additions, with Map, crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 

This work fills up a blank between the ending of Elphinstone's and the commence- 
ment of Thornton's Histories. 

Fifty-Seven. Some Account of the Administration of Indian Districts 
during the Revolt of the Bengal Army. Demy Svo, 6s. 

Any Bookseller at ffome and Abroad^ 



1 



1 6 . Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



DR TALBOTT, and others, 
Keble College Sermons. Second Series, 1877- 1888, crown 8vo, 6s. 

** To those who desire earnest, practical, and orthodox doctrine in the form of short 
addresses, these sermons will be most acceptable ; and their lofty tone, their eloquent 
wording, and the thorough manliness of their character, will commend them to a wide 
oircle of readers."— Jf omin^ Po»t, 

" Dr Talbot has a second time thoughtfully i>laced on public record some of the 
lessons which were taught during his Wardenship in Sermons preached in the Chapel 
cjf Eeble College^ Oxford^ 1877-1888. The sermons are fresh and vigorous in tone, and 
evidentiy come from preachers who were thoroughly in touch with iheir youthful 
audience, and who genendly with much acuteness and skill gprappled with the 
spiritual and intellectual difficulties besetting nowadays the University career." — 
Church Times. 

G. H, KINAHAN, 
A Handy Book of Rock Names. Fcap. 8vo, 4s. 

** This will prove, we do not doubt, a very useful little book to all practical geo- 
leasts, and also to the reading student of rocks. When a difficulty is incurred as to 
a species of deposit, it will soon vanish. Mr Kinahan's little book will soon make it 
all clear. The work is divided into three parts. The first is a classified table of rocks, 
the second part treats of the Ingenite rocks, and the third part deals with those rocks 
which are styled Derivate. Dana's termination of yte has been most generally used 
by the author, but he has also given the ite terminations for those that like them. 
The book will be purchased, for it must be had, by every geologist ; and as its size is 
small, it will form a convenient pocket companion for the man who works over field 
and quaxry."— Popular Science Review. 

REV, F. G, LEE, D.D. {Vicar of All Saints' y Lambeth). 

The Church mider Queen Elizabeth. An Historical Sketch. By Rev. 

F. G. Lee, D.D. (Vicar of All Saints', Lambeth). Second Edition. 

Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

"There is the same picturesqueness of detail, the same vigorous denunciation, the 
same graphic power, which made the earlier book pleasant reading even to many who 
disagree nearuly with its tone and object. . . Dr Lee's strength lies in very graphic 
description." — ilotes and Queries. 

** This is, in many ways, a remarkably fine book. That it is powerfully written no 
pe acquainted with Dr Lee's vigorous style would for a moment dispute." — Morning 
'^ost. 



f 

*' Presenting a painful picture of the degradation into which the Church had sunk 
in Elizabeth's reign."— Daily Telegraph. 

Sights and Shadows. Being Examples of the Supernatural. New 

Edition. With a Preface addressed to the Critics. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

'* This work will be especially interesting to students of the supernatural, and their 
name is legion at the present moment. It deals with more than one branch of what is 
commonly known as spiritualism. The introduction gives a brief resume of various 
forms of magic and divination which have obtained credence in all ages, and later on 
we find weU-authenticated accounts of apparitions, supernatural wammgs, hypnotic 
experiments, and miracles of healing. Mr Lee evidently believes that ' there are more 
thin^ in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in our philosophy,' and few sane people 
will disagree with him, though they may not be inclined to accept all his opinions and 
assertions as they stand." — Lady. 

*' Here we have ghostly stories galore, which believers in supernatural visitations 
will welcome as upholders of the faith that is in them. Dr Lee is a hard hitter an<f. a 
vigorous controversialist, with a righteous contempt for your Darwins and StuArt 
Mills, and such like folk, and is not akbove suggesting that some of them have a decided 
worsnip of the god Self. As for ' the pompous jargon and silly cynicism which so 
many public scribes again and again make use of to tiirow discredit upon any phase of 
the supernatural,' 1 have nothing to say. They can take care of themselves. This 
much 1 know, that 'Sights and Shadows' gives one an eerie feeling as midnight 
approaches and the fire nickers on the hearth." — Gentlewoman. 

Ju?r the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W. H, Allen 6^ Co.^s Puilicalions. i / 

COL, G. B, MALLESON. 

History of the French in India. From the Founding of Pondicherry 
in 1674, to the Capture of that place in 1761. New and Revised 
Edition, witli' Maps. Demy 8vo, i6s. 

^ Colonel Malleson has produced a volume alike attractive to the general reader and 
valuable for its new matter to the special student. It is not too much to say that now, 
for the first time, we are famished with a faithful narrative of that portion of European 
enterprise in India which turns upon the contest waged by the East India Company 
against French influence, and especially against Dupleix." — Edinburgh Review. 

*' It is pleasant to contrast the work now before us with the writer's first bold plunge 
ftiio historical composition, which splashed every one within his reach. He swims now 
Mrith a steady stroke, and there is no fear of his sinking. With a keener insight into 
finman character, and a larger understanding of the sources of human action, he com- 
bines all the power of animated recital which invested his earlier narratives with 
popularity." — Fortnightly Review. 

*' The author has had the advantage of consulting the French archives, and his 
volume forms a useful supplement to Orme." — Atkenasum. 

Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas. New 

Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

" How India escaped from the government of prefects and sub-prefects to fall under 
that of commissioners and deputy-commissioners; why the Penal Code of Lord 
Macaulay reigns supreme instead of a Code Napoleon; why we are not looking on 
helplessly from Mahe, Karikal, and Pondicherry, while the French are ruling all over 
Madras, and spending millions of francs in attempting to cultivate the slopes of the 
Neilgherries, may be learnt from this modest volume. Colonel Malleson is always 
painstaking, and generally accurate ; his stylo is transparent, and be never loses sight 
of the purpose with which he commenced to write." — Saturday Review. 

** A book dealing with such a period of our history in the East, besides being 
interesting, contains many lessons. It is written in a style that will be popular with 
general TeekdeTB."—AthencBum, 

" It strikes one as the best thing be has yet done. Searching, yet easy, his pen goes 
with unfiagging power through the military wonders of a hundred years, connecting 
the accounts of battles by a sufficient historic thread." — Academy. 

History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest t*etiod to the Outbreak of the 

War of 1878, with map, demy 8vo, 1 8s. 

«( The name of Colonel Malleson on the title-page of any historical work in relation 
to India or the neighbouring States is a satisfactory guarantee both for the accuracy 
of the facts and the brilliancy of the narrative. The author may be complimented upon 
having written a History of Afghanistan which is likely tf> become a work of standard 
authority."— i8co<«»u»n. 

The Battle-Fields of Germany, from the Outbreak of the Thirty Years' 

War to the Battle of Blenheim, with maps and one plan, demy 8vo, 

1 6s. 

" Colonel Malleson has shown a grasp of his subject, and a power of vivifying he 

confused passages of battle, in which it would be impossible to name any living writer 

as his equal. In imbuing these almost forgotten battle-fields with fresh interest and* 

reality for the English reader, he is re-opening one of the most important chapters of 

European History, which no previous English writer has made so interesting and 

Instructive as he has succeeded in doing in this volume." — Academy. 

Ambushes and Surprises, being a Description of some of the most 
famous instances of the Leading into Ambush and the Surprises of 
Armies, from the time of Hannibal to the period of the Indian Mutiny, 
with a portrait of General Lord Mark Ker, K.C.B., demy 8vo, i8s. 

>M i M I ■ I ■ ■ ■ - — I ^-- — ■■ — ■ - ., ■ ■ ■-.- — ■■■ ■■■II I »■ ■■ ■ I ■■ 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad. 



1 8 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



JAMES IRVIN L UPTON, F.R,C, V.S., author of The External 

Anatomy of the Horsey^ ^c. 

The Horse : as he Was, as he Is, and as he Ought to Be, with 

Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

'* Written with a ^ood object in view, namely, to create an interest in the important 
irabjeot of horse.bre^ing, more especially that class known as general utility horses. 
The book contains sevoral illustrations, is well printed and handsomely bound, and we 
hope will meet with the attention it deserves." — Live Stock Journal. 

T, MILLER MAGUIRE, M.A., LL,D, 

American War — Campaigns in Virginia, 1861-2, with Maps. Royal 
8vo, paper covers, 3s. 6d. 

MRS MANNING. 

Ancient and Mediaeval India. Being the History, Religion, Laws, 
Caste, Manners and Customs, Language, Literature, Poetry, Philo- 
sophy, Astronomy, Algebra, Medicine, Architecture, Manufactures, 
Commerce, &c., of the Hindus, taken from their Writings. With 
Illustrations. 2 vols., demy 8vo, 30s. 

IRVING MONTAGU {late Special War Correspondent ''Illustrated 

London News "). 

Camp and Studio. Illustrated by the Author. New Edition. Crown 
8vo, 6§. 

"His animated pages and sketches have a more than ephemeral interest, and 
present a moving picture of the romance and the misery of countries and populations 
ravaged by great opposing armies, and many a picturesque episode of perional ex- 
periences ; he is pleasant and amusing enough." — DaUy News. 

" Mr Irving Montagu's narrative of his experiences as war artist of the Illustrated 
London News during the Russo-Turkish war, though late in a{>pearing, mav be read 
with interest. War correspondents and artists usually enjoy a fair share of adventure ; 
but Mr Montagu appears to have ravelled in dangers which seem anything but desir- 
able when studied in cold blood. Mr Montagu has much that is fntercHsting to tell 
about the horrors of the siege of Ears and the prowess of the fair young Amazon who 
commanded a troop of Bashi-Bazuks, and even seduced a Russian general to her side. 
How he got to the front in spite of Russian prohibition, disguised as a camp follower, 
how his portmanteau was shelled a few incnes behind his back, what he risked and 
what he saw in the memorable lines before Plevna, will be read with greskt interest. 
The book is well illustrated by many vigorous sketches, some of which are exceedingly 
humorous/'— Athencsum. 

" A bright chatty record of wars, scenes, and adventures in various parts of the 
world."— JSyio. 

Wanderings of a War Artist Illustrated by the Author. New 
Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

*' Mr Montagu is to be congratulated on an eminently readable book, which, both 
in style and matter, is aboVe the average of productions in this kind." — Ttie Homing 
Post. 

** This is an enchanting book. Equally as writer and as artist, Mr Irving Montacn^ 
is a delightful companion. This beautiful and exceptionally interesting volume does 
not by any means exhaust the literary and artistic achievements of the well-known 
* special ' of the Illustrated London News.*' — The Daily Neves. 

" His own'tul ventures are largely seasoned with stories of other people and anec- 
dotes he picks up. He went through the second siege of Paris under the Conmiune, 
and some of the hest reading in the book is the picture he gives of the state of poor, 
beautiful Paris, seen by the eye of an observing, impartial man, who has no obj^ in 
either exi^gerating or under-colouring the work of the Commune."— 7A« Spectator. 

** The adventures of Mr Montagu are narrated with humour, and are seldom dull 
reading."— Okw^oto Herald. 



For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs IV, H, Allen &^ Coh Publications, 19 



/. MORRISy Author of " The War in Korea,'' 5s^c., thirteen years 
resident in Tokio under the Japanese Board of Works, 

Advance Japan. A Nation Thoroughly in Earnest. With over 100 
Illustrations by R. Isayama, and of photographs lent by the Japanese 
Legation. 8vo, 12s. 6d. 

" Mr Morris evidently knows the countgr well, and is a strong believer in its 
future ; his book will be found a useful summary of recent history, abounding in good 
character sketches, accompanied with photographs, of the leading men."— Ttme«. 

" Is really a remarkably complete account of the land, the people, and the institu- 
tions of Japan, with chapters that deal with matters of such living interest as its 
growing industries and armaments, and the origfin, incidents, and probable outcome 
of the war with China. The volume is illustrate by a Japanese artist of repute ; it 
has a number of useful statistical appendices, and it is decucated to His Majesty the 
Mikado. ** — Scoitman. 

" Mr Morris, who writes, of course, with thorough local knowledge, gives a very 
complete and eminently readable account of the country, its government, people, and 
resource. . . The work, which contains a large number of portraits and other illustra- 
tions, is decidedly ' on the nail,' and may be recommended not only as a book to read, 
but as of value for reference." — WesVmvnsUr Gazette. 

' '* Puts before us a clear view of the point which has been reached. His work is 
historical, social, and descriptive ; we see in it the Japanese of to-day as he really is. 
Mr Morris has also something to say on the Japanese at home— how he oats, how he 
dresses, and how he comports himself ; while wider issues are discussed in the chapters 
treating of the administration of the islands, their ports, communications, trades, and 
armaments. " — Globe. 

" A well-proportioned sketch of the Japanese of to-day, so recent as to include the 
results of the war. . . There is much else I should like to auote in this able and 
interesting book. It has a good chapter on natural history, and an excellent chapter 
on diet, dress, and manners ; it gives just enough of Japanese history to help the 
ordinary reader who wants to learn his Japan on easy terms ; it has also most useful 
and attractively conveyed information in its brief account of the principal cities of 
Japan, communications and armament, lang^uage and literature, mines and minerals." 
— Queen. 

*' He summarises clearly, concisely, the existing knowledge on the Japanese Parlia- 
mentary system, territorial and administrative divisions, natural history, domestic 
and national customs, dynastic changes, old feudal institutions, town populations, 
industries, mineral and. other natural resources, railways, armaments, the press, and 
other subjects too many for enumeration. Even the chapter on language and litent' 
ture makes an appalling sublect interesting. ... Mr Morris has brought nis very use- 
ful account of Japan up-to-date. He gives a good summary of the recent war wit^ 
China, and then proceeds to make some well-considered suggestions on a matter of 
supreme importance to Europe no less than to the two Empires of the Far East." 



CHARLES MARVIN, 

The Region of the Eternal Fire. An Account of a Journey to the 
Casi^ian Region in 1883. New Edition. With Maps and Illustra- 
tions. Crown 8vo, handsomely bound, 6s. 

"The leading authority of the English Press on the Central Asian Question is 
Charles Marvin, a man of iron industry, who has wielded his comprehensive knowledge 
of the region in such a manner as to render eminent service to his country." — OpimAm 
ij(f Arminius Vanibery. 

"Charles Marvin's services in respect of the Russo- Afghan Question have been 
invaluable. He has heard with his own ears the opinions expressed on the subject by 
Russian generals and diplomatists, and, for the love of England, has spent his own 
money to warn England's people."— Ojptmon of Colonel Mallesonj ** The Russo-Afghan 
Qijbestiont* p. 66. 

I - - II — ---- ■ ^ 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad 



20 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 

W. O'CONNOR MORRIS. 

Great Commanders of Modem Times, and the Campaign of 1815. 

Turenne — Marlborough — Frederick the Great — Napoleon — Welling- 
ton — Moltke. With Illustrations and Plans. Royal 8vo, 21s. 

** Mr Morris certainly brings to his task vast reading and exhaustive researoh." — 
Athemxum,. 

" We gladly welcome this handsome f^lume by Judge O'Connor Morris, which gives 
evidence on every page of careful reading and correct judgment. ... An admirable 
book to place in the hands of any student who wishes to get some idea of the history 
of the art of war.'' — Academy. 

*' To the students of war tiiis book will prove of the utmost interest and the greatest 
possible service." — National Observer. 

" Writes vividly and \tQ\\."— Times. 

CARDINAL NEWMAN. 

Miscellanies from the Oxford Sermons of John Henry Newman, 
D. D. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 5s. 

"All the resources of a master of English style — except, perhaps one, description — 
were at his command ; pure diction, clear arrangement, irony, dignity, a copious 
command of words, combined with a reserve in the use of them— all these qusuitiea 
went to make up the charm of Newman's style, the finest flower that the earlier system 
of a purely classical education has produced." — AtheTiaewm. 

*' The pieces presented to us here are carefully chosen, and answer X\ie purpose of 
the present volume. The selections which are contained in it happily avoid any of 
these passages which have been the grounds of controversy. As a general rule wo are 
able to take in the teachings of this book without any arriire-penMe^ without any- 
feeling that we have here the germ of those theories which estrange their author from 
us. " — Athenamin. 



COL, F. A. WHINYATES, late R.H. A., formerly commanding 

the Battery, 

Military Regiments— From Corwma to Sevastopol, the History of 
"C" Battery, "A" Brigade, late "C" Troop, Royal Horse 
Artillery, with succession of Officers from its formation to the present 
time. With 3 Maps, demy 8vo, 14s. 



EDWARD NEWMAN, F.Z.S. 
British Butterflies. With many Illustrations. Super royal 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

DEPUTY SURGEON-GENERAL C. T. PASKE, late of the Bengal 

Army, and Edited by F, G. AFLALO 

Life and Travel in Lower Burmah, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

** In dealing with life in Burmah we are given a pleasant iasi^ht into Eastern life ; 
and to those interested in India and our other Eastern possessions, the opinions Mr 
Paske offers and the suggestions he makes will be delightful reading. Mr Paske has 
adopted a very light style of writing in ' Myamma,' which lends an additional charm 
to the short historical-cum-geographical sketch, and both the writer and the editor 
are to be commended for the prcduction of a really attractive book." — Public Opininm. 

For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs IV, IT, Allen &* Co.^s Publications. 21 



Translation ofthefamotis Passion Play, 

Passion Play at Oberammergau, The, with the whole Drama translated 
into English, and the Songs of the Chorus in German and English ; 
also a Map of the Town, Plan of the Theatre, &c. 4to, cloth, 3s. 6d. ; 
paper, 2s. 6d. 

** The author of * Charles Lowder ' has done a real service in publishing a transla- 
tion of * The Passion Play at Oberammergau,' with a description of the play and short 
account of a visit there in 1880. To those who have already seen it, this little book 
will recall vividly the experience of what must be to all a memorable day, while to 
ttiose who are going in 1890 it is eimply invaluable."— Cruardtan. 

MARY A, P RATTEN. 

My Hundred Swiss Flowers, with a short account of Swiss Ferns. 
With 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, plain plates, 12s. 6d. ; with plates 
coloured by handy 25s. 

''The temptation to produce such books as this seems irresistible. The 
author feels a want ; the want is undeniable. After more or less hesitation 
he feels he can supply it. It is pleasantly written, and affords useful hints 
as to localities.'' — Athenceum, 

R, A, PROCTOR, 

Watched by the Dead, a loving study of Dickens' half-told tale. Crown 

8vo, cloth, IS. 6d. ; boards, is. 

" Mr Proctor here devotes much study and much ingenious conjecture to restoring 
the plot of ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood.' It would not be fair were we to attempt 
to give in a small compass the result of his labours. It must suffice to say that those 
who have occupied themselves with this curious problem will be interested in the 
solution here offered for their acceptance." — Spectator. 

WILLIAM PROCTOR, Stud Groom. 

The Management and Treatment of the Horse in the Stable, 
Field, and on the Road. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 
Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

" There'are few who are interested in horses will fail to profit by one portion or 
another of this useful work."— jSpor^mian. 

" We cannot do better than wish that Mr Proctor's book may find its way into the 
hands of all those concerned in the management of the most useful quadruped we 
possess." — England. 

■** There is a fund of sound common-sense views in this work which will be interest- 
ing to many owners." — Fidd. 

" Coming from a practical hand the work should recommend itself to the public.*' — 
Sportiftum. 

WILLIAM RAEBURN ANDREW. 

Raebum (Sir Henry, RA.), Life by his Great-Grandson, William 

Raeburn Andrew, with an Appendix comprising a list of his works 

exhibited in the Royal Academy, Edinburgh. 8vo, los. 6d. 

" Mr Andrew's book, which on this occasion appeals to a wider public, makes no 
pretence to do more than to bring together the biographical fragrments concerning 
Raebum gathered out of various publications and to *make them coherent with a little 
cement of his own.' Possibly a fuller and more original biography of the greatest of 
our portrait-painters, who was at the same time one of the greatest ornaments of the 
Edinburgh Society of the beg^inning of the oenturv, may yet see the light ; and in the 
meantime we can be grateful to Mr Andrew for bringing together and arranging so 
rich a store of topographical and personal details connected with his illustrious 
anoestor. In an appendix is a useful annotated catalogue of the 1876 exhibition of 
Raebum's works."— jScotewian. 

^ ' ■ ■ 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



22 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



R. RIMMER, F.L,S. 

The Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles. Illustrated 

with lo Photographs and 3 Lithographs, containing figures of all the 

principal Species. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

'* This handsoinely got up little volume supplies a long-felt want in a very ingenious 
and trustworthy manner. The author is an enthusiastic conchologist, and writes 
hoth attractively and well, and in a manner so simple and natural that we have no 
fear that any ordinarily educated man will easily understand every phrase. But 
the feature of this book which strikes us most is that every species of British land and 
freshwater shell has been photographed, and here we have all the photographs, natural 
size in the albertype process, so that the merest tyro will find no difficulty in identi- 
fying any shell he may find." — Science Gfossip. 



ALEXANDER ROGERS (^Bombay Civil Service^ Retired), 

The Land Revenue of Bombay, a History of its Administration, Rise, 

and Progress, with 18 Maps. 2 vols., demy Svo, 30s. 

** Mr Rogers has produced a continuous and an authoritative record of the land 
changes and of the fortunes of the cultivating classes for a full half-century, together 
with valuable data regarding the condition and burdens of those classes at various 
periods before the present system of settlement was introduced. Mr Rogers now 
presents a comprehensive view of the land administration of Bombay as a whole, the 
history of its rise and progress, and a clear .statement of the results which it has 
attained. It is a narrative of which all patriotic Englishmen may feel proud. The old 
burdens of native rule have been lightened, the old m justices mitip^atM, the old fiscal 
cruelties and exactions abolished. Underlying the story of each district we see a per- 
ennial struggle going on between the increase of the population and the available 
means of subsistence derived from the soil. That increase of the population is the 
direct result of the peace of the country under British rule. But it tends to press 
more and more severely on. the possible limits of local cultivation, and it can only be 
provided for by the extension of the modem appliances of production and distribu- 
tion. Mr Rogers very properly confines himself to his own subject. But there is 
ample evidence that the extension of roads, railways, steam factories, and other 
industrial enterprises, have played an important part in the solution of the problem, 
and that during recent years such enterprises have been powerfully aided by an 
abundant currency."— 77ke Tima. 



ROBERT SEWELL. 

Analytical History of India, from the earliest times to the Abolition of 
the East India Company in 1858. Post Svo, 8s. 

** Much careful labour has been expended on this yo\yime,**—Athenmim, 
'* TtiQ object of the author in compiling the following analytical sketch of Indian 
history has been to supply a want felt by most students of the more voluminous 
standard works of Mill, Elphinstone, Thornton, and Marshman, for a condensed outline 
in one small volume, which should serve at once to recall the memory and guide the 
eye. At the same time he has attempted to render it interesting to the general reader 
by preserving a medium between a bare analysis and a complete history ; so that, 
without consulting the eminent authorities mentioned above, the mind may readily 
grasp the principal outlines of the early condition of India, and the rise and progress 
of the East India Company. For the more full comprehension of these facts the author 
has provided, in addition to a table of contents and a chronological index, an index to 
the geographical position of the places to which reference is made in the text^ bearing 
the latitudes and longitude as given in Thornton's ' Gazetteer of India.' This will be 
found not only to aid the student who is but partially acquainted with the map of 
India, but also by means of occasional accents to guide him in the ordinary pro- 
nunciation of the names." — Pr^ace. 



For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W, If, Allen 6^ Co.^s Publications, 23 



G. P. SANDERSON, 

Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India ; their Haunts and 
Habits, from Personal Observation, with an account of the Modes of 
Capturing and Taming Wild Elephants. With 21 full-page Illustra- 
tions, reproduced for this Edition direct from the original drawings, 
and 3 Maps. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 4to, 12s. 

" We find it difficult to hasten through this interesting book ; on almost every pa^e 
some incident or some happy descriptive passage tempts the reader to linger. The 
author relates his exploits with ability and with singular modesty. His adventures 
with man-eaters will a£Ford lively entertainment to the reader, and indeed there is no 
portion of the volume which he is likely to wish shorter. The illustratiens add to Uie 
attractions of the book." — Pall Mall Gazelle. 

" This is the best and most practical book on the wild game of Southern and 
Eastern India that we have read, and displays an extensive acquaintance with natural 
history. To the traveller proposing to visit India, whether he be a sportsman, a 
naturalist, or an antiquarian, the book will be invaluable : full of incident and sparkling 
with anecdote." — Bauey^a Magazine. 

** This— the fifth edition of a work as charming to read as it is instructive — will be 
welcomed equally by lovers of sport, and of natural history. Though he met with and 
shot many other kinds of wild beasts, the bulk of the volume, well written, well illus- 
trated, and generally well got up, deals chiefly with the elephant, the tiger, the bison, 
the leopard, and the boar. Mr Sanderson, with exceptional powers of observation, 
cultivated friendly intercourse with the natives ; and ho was consequently able to utilise 
to the utmost the singularly favourable opportunities enjoyed by him as director of 
elephant-capturing operations in Mysore and Ghittagong. The result is a book which 
to graphic aetails of sporting adventures far surpassing the common, adds a correct 
natural history of the animals chiefly dealt with, and particularly the elephant. From 
this real king of beasts, Mr Sanderson carefully removes every exaggeration made boUi 
for or against him, which had been repeated without any good foundation by one 
writer after another ; he substitutes for fables a description of elephantine anatomy, 
size, habits, and character which may be said to sum up all that we know for certain 
about the animal, and nearly all that one can wish to know. We should have wished 
to see this edition brought up to date. The book is more fascinating than a romance ; 
and wo have read it now the third time with as great a zest as when we revelled over 
the perusal of the first edition."— /mpen'o^ and Asiatic Quarterly Review. 

PROFESSOR SHELDON 

The Future of British Agriculture, how Farmers may best be bene- 
fited. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

"Fortunately Prof. Sheldon has no mind to play the part of a prophet, but from 
the plenitude of a long experience g^ves sage counsel how to farm abreast of the time 
and oe ready for whatever may ensue. . . . This little book is well worth reading, 
and it is pleasant to find that the Professor by no means despairs of the future of 
agriculture in England."— .^Icademy. 

*' Wo welcome the book as a valuable contribution to our i^ricultural literature, 
and as a useful g^ide to tiiose branches in which the author is especially qualified to 
instruct. "—Nature. 

"In this beautifully printed and well-bound little book Professor Sheldon, in 
his usual happv style, sun'eys the agricultural field, and indicates what he thinks 
is the prospect in front of the British farmer. Like a watchman he stands upon his 
tower— and when asked, What of the night ? he disavows not that we are in the ni^ht, 
but earnestly declares that the morning cometh apace. The professor is an optimist ; 
he does not believe that the country is done, and still less does he favour the iaea that, 
taking a wide survey, the former days were better than these. On the contrary, he 
ui^es that the way out of the wilderness is not by any by-path, but by going right 
ahead ; and, ere long, the man who holds the banner high will emerge triumphant." 
— Scottish Farmer. 

/. SMITH, A.L.S. 

Ferns : British and Foreign. Fourth Edition, revised and greatly 

enlarged, with New Figures, &c. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

T ■ ■ — — 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad,. 



24 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



G. BARNETT SMITH, Author of ''History of the English 

Parliatnent. " 

Leaders of Modern Industry. Biographical Sketches. 

Contents: — The Stephensons, Charles Knight, Sir George Burns, 

Sir Josiah Mason, The Wedgwoods, Thomas Brassey, The Fairbairns, 

Sir William Siemens, The Rennies. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

" * Leaders of Modem Industry ' is a volume of interesting biogn^phical sketches of 
the pioneers of various phases of industry, comprising the Stephensons, Charles 
Knignt, Sir Oeor^e Bums, Sir Josiah Ma?on, the Wedgwoods, Thomas Braesey, the 
Fairbairns, Sir William Siemens, and the Rennies." — World. 

Women of Renown. Nineteenth Century Studies. 

Contents : — Frederika Bremer, Countess of Blessington, George Eliot, 

Jenny Lind, Mary Somerville, George Sand, Mary Carpenter, Lady 

Morgan, Rachel, Lady Hester Stanhope. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

Mr Bamett Smith continues his biographical activity. It is not many weeks since 
a volume appeared from his pen on " Christian Workers of the Nineteenth Century " ; 
now we have "Women of Renown: Nineteenth Century Studies." The later is the 
larger and more elaborate work of the two, but in design and execution it is not 
greatly dissimilar from the earlier volume. Desirous of showing what the women of 
eminence whom he has chosen for delineation really were — how they lived, moved, 
and acted— the author has presented them wherever he could "as painted by them- 
selves or their contemporaries." Autobiographies and biograpliies are thus, as far as 
available, laid under contribution. In the hands of so capable a compiler as Mr 
Bamett Smith such materials have been skilfully utilised, and the result is a series of 
brightly written sketches. 

The Life and Enterprises of Ferdinand de Lesseps— The only full 
and Complete English Account of. New Edition. Revised, and 
brought up to the time of his death, with Portrait. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

*' A great part of M. de Lesseps* career already belongs to history, and is invested 
with a lustre which noUiing can obscure. Mr Q. Bamett Smith makes this dear in his 
useful and painstaking compilation. ... It is skilfully executed, and illustrates aptly 
and not altogether inopportunely, both the poetry and the prose of M. de Lesseps' 
extraordinary career."— 27i« Times. 

" A very comprehensive life of Ferdinand de Lesseps has been produced by Q. 
Barnett Smith, who has already proved his ability as a faithful and painstaking biO' 
grapher. The career of M. de Lesseps was one of great achievements and great 
vicissitudes. This biographer lauds his achievements. The facts of the prosecution 
in connection with the Panama Canal project are elaborately set forth in this volume, 
to which all readers interested in the question should refer for information on a matter 
which to people not resident in France must have appeared unusually complicated." — 
Westminster Review. 

ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY, D,D. {Dean of Westminster), 

Scripture Portraits and other Miscellanies collected from his Published 
Writings. By Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D. D. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 
5s. 

" In virtue of his literary genius, his solid acquirements, his manly sense, and his 
sympathetic and generous piety, he ranks among the most eminent and estimable of 
Christian teachers."— CAam&er«'8 Encyclopoedia. 

" These essays range over a period of twenty years (1850-1870), and they furnish a 
series of singularly interesting illustrations of the great controversies which have 
agitated that time. . . . Every one, indeed, of his essays has achieved in its day a 
success which makes a recommendation unnecessary." — Allibonb. 

J^or t/ie Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs IV. If, Allen 6^ Co.'s Publications. 25 



E. (E, SOMERVILLE and MARTIN ROSS, THE AUTHORS 

OF ''AN IRISH cousin:' 

Through Connemara in a Governess Cart. Illustrated by W. W. 
Russell, from Sketches by Edith QL. Somerville. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" The qiiaint seriousness, the free and hearty fun, the sly humour of this narrative, 
are charmingly bright and attractive."— TForM. 

" A bright and breezy narrative of two ladies in Connemara who preferred inde- 
pendence and a mul« to society and a mail car. Their simple story is divertingly 
told."— Ti«i^. 

"The delightful wilderness of mountain, peat bog, and heather, and all that they 
said and did, are graphically described in this chatty and extremely readable volume." 
— Daily Telegraph. 

" Sketches of Irish Life, the eccentricities of wandering Saxons, and descriptions of 
local scenery, are worked up in a manner which makes the book a pleasant companion. 
Mr Russell has in his illustration ably supported the writers." — Morning Post. 

By the same Authors. 

In the Vine Country —Bordeaux and its Neighbourhood, Illustrated. 
Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

" The genuine fund of wit and humour which sparkles throughout will be enjoyed 
by all."— &;a«/70W Herald. 

" The authors have the knack of putting their readers in the situation in which 
they themselves were, and so the book, light and smart as it is, is heartily enjoyable." 
—Scotsman. 

" A bright, artless narrative of travel."— 7V»n««. 

** There is not a dull line in the volume from the flrat page to the last."— Lad^i 
Pictorial. 

/. E. TAYLOR, F.L.S.y F.G.S., dr'c. 

For fuller notices of Dr Taylor's Works, see Scientific, pp. 33, 34. 

Flowers : Their Orig^in, Shapes, Perfumes, and Colours. Illustrated with 
32 Coloured Figfures by Sowerby, and 161 Woodcuts. Second 
Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

The Aquarium : Its Inhabitants, Structure, and Management. Second 
Edition, with 238 Woodcuts. Crown Svo, 3s. 6d. 

Half- Hours at the Seaside. Illustrated with 250 Woodcuts. Fourth 
Edition. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 

Half- Hours in the Green Lanes. Illustrated with 300 Woodcuts. 
Fifth Edition. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. 

E. THORNTON 

A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the Viceroy 
of India. Last Edition. Revised and Edited by Sir Roper 
Lethbridge, CLE., and A. N. WoUaston, CLE. Demy Svo, 
1,070 pp., 28s. 

PERCY M. THORNTON 

Harrow School and its Surroundings. With Maps and Plates. 
Demy Svo, 15s. 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad 



26 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



W. M. TORRENS, 

History of Cabinets. From the Union with Scotland to the Acquisition 

of Canada and Bengal, 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 36s. 

*' It is almost impossible — and, alas ! now useless as regards the writer— to praise 
this book too highljr. It is a clever, sincere, and painstaking contribution to the 
making of modem history, and all students of constitutional and parliamentary history 
will find much to interest and instruct them in these able volumes. In all the minor 
matters of references, indexing, and printing every care has been taken. Indeed, all 
is praiseworthy, and the pity is that the writer should have passed away without 
receiving the thanks of students."— St James's Budget. 

" ' A History of Cabinets' from the beginning of the Eighteenth Century down to 
the death of Oeorge II., which the late Mr M'CuUagh Tor reus regarded as * the work 
of his life,' was published yesterday. It consists of two volumes of considerable bulk, 
showing at once that something more than the origin and prc^rress of the Cabinet 
system had occupied the attention of the author. In fact, a history of Cabinets is a 
history of Oovernments, and a history of Governments is, in a great measure, a history 
of England."— rA<? Standard. 

A.J. WALL. 

Indian Snake Poisons. Their Nature and Effects. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

Contents. 

The Physiological Effects of the Poison of the Cobra (Naja Tripudians).— The Physio, 
logical Effects of the Poison of Bussell's Viper (Daboia Ilctssellii).— The Physiological 
Effects produced by the Poison of the Bungarus Fasciatus and the Bangarus Coernleus. 
— The Relative Power and Properties of the Poisons of Indian and other Venomous 
Snakes.— The Nature of Snake Poisons.— Some practical considerations connected with 
the subject of Snake-Poisoning, especially regarding prevention and treatment. — The 
object that has been kept in view, has been to define as closely as possible, the con- 
ditions on which the mortality from Snake-bite depends, both as regards the physio- 
logical nature of the poisoning process, and the relations between the reptiles and their 
victims, so as to indicate the way in which we should best proceed with the hope of 
diminishing the fearful mortality that exists. 

JOHN WATSON y F.L.S. 

Ornithology in Relation to Agriculture and Horticulture, by various 
writers, edited by John Watson, F.L.S., &c. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

List op Contbtbutors. — Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, laie Consulting 
Entomologist to the Boyal Agricultural Society of England; O. V. Alpin, 
F.L.S., Member of tha British Ornithologists' Union; Charles Whitehead, 
F.L.S., F.G.S., &c., author of "Fifty Years of Fruit Farming"; John 
Watson, F.L.S., author of " A Handbook for Farmers and Small Holders," ; 
the Rev. F. O. Morris, M.A., author of ** A History of British Birds" ; G. 
W, Murdoch, late editor of The Farmer; RQey Fortune, F.Z.S. ; T. H. 
Nelson, Member of the British Ornithologists' Union ; T. Southwell, F.Z.S. ; 
Rev. Theo. Wood, B.A., F.I.S. ; J. H. Gurney, jun., M.P. ; Harrison Weir, 
F.R.H.S. ; W. H. Tuck. 

"Will form a textbook of a reliable kind in guiding agriculturists at large 
in their dealings with their feathered friends and foes alike." — Qlasgwo 
HeraM, 

"This is a valuable book, and should go far to fulfil its excellent purpose. 
. . . It is a book that every agriculturist should possess." — Land and 
Water, 

"It is well to know what birds do mischief and what birds are helpful. 
This book is the verv manual to clear up all such doubts." — Yorkshire Post. 

"In these days of agricultural depression it behoves the farmer to study, 
among other subjects, ornithology. That he and the gamekeeper often bring 
down plagues upon the land when they fancy they are ridding it of a pest is 
exceedingly well illustrated in this series of papers." — Scotsman. 



For the R^duc^d Prices apply to, 



of Messrs W, H^ Allen &* CoJs Publications, 27 



SAMUEL WILBERFORCE, D,D, {Bishop of Winchester), 

Heroes of Hebrew History. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 5s. 

"The tales which he relates are all good, and have a moral aim and purpose/' — 
AthenoBum. 

" It is written with a natural and captivating ferronr." — iMndo/n Qvarterly Review. 

'* An interesting historical account." — London Lit. Oaz. 

'* Using his Influence as a man of the world for the purpose of modifying those about 
him for good, and making them servo as his instruments for the furtherance of the 
objects which he had at heart. He was the most delightful of companions, and the 
wittiest talker of his time. Of his extraordinary versatility and extraordinary powers 
of work, it is impossible to speoik at length here, but both qualities are abundantly 
illustrated in his life by Canon AahweM"— Celebrities of the Century. 

S. WELLS WILLIAMS, LL.D., Professor of the Chinese Language 

and Literature at Yale College. 

China — The Middle Kingdom. A Survey of the Geography, Govern- 
ment, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire 
and its Inhabitants. Revised Edition, with 74 Illustrations and a New 
Map of the Empire. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 42s. 

Dr S. Wells Williams' Middle Kingdom has long occupied the position of a classic. 
It is not only the fullest and most authoritative account of the Chinese and their 
country that exists, but it is also the most readable and entertaining. This issue is 
practically a new work — the text of the old edition has been largely re- written and the 
work has been expanded so as to include a vast amount of new material collected by 
Dr Williams during the lato years of his residence ia China — as well as the most recent 
information respecting all the departments of the Empire. Many new illustrations 
have been added and the best of the old engravings have been retained. An important 
feature of this edition is a large map of the Chinese Empire from the best modem 
authorities, more complete and accurate than any map of the country hitherto 
published. 

HARRY WILLIAMS, R.N. {Chief Inspector of Machinery). 
Dedicated, by permission, to Admiral H.B.H. the Duke of Edinburgh. 

The Steam Navy of England. Past, Present, and Future. 

Contents: — Part I. — Our Seamen; Part II. — Ships and Machinery; 
Part III. — Naval Engineering; Part IV. — Miscellaneous, Summary, 
with an Appendix on the Personnel of the Steam Branch of the Navy. 

Third and enlarged Edition. Medium 8vo, 12s. 6d. 

" It is a series of essays, clearly written and often highly suggestive, on the still 
unsolved, or only partially and tentatively solved, problems connected with the man- 
ning and organisation, and propulsion of our modem war-ships, . . . being laudably 
free from technicalities, and written in a not unattractive style, they will recommend 
themselves to that small, but happily increasing, section of the general public which 
concerns itself seriously and intelligently with naval affairs." — Times. 

" Mr Harry Williams, a naval engineer of long experience and high rank, dlscasses 
the future requirements of the fleet. He is naturally most at home when dealing with 
points which specially affect his own branch of the service, but the whole bookis well 
worth study." — Mcmchetter Guardian. 

*< Must be pronounced a technical book in the main, although its author expressly 
states that he wrote it * not so much for professional as non-professional men.' Its 
manifest object is to promote the efQciency of our steam navy in times to come, keeping 
which ainusteadfastly in view Mr Williams has brought great knowledge and abili^ to 
bear upon the endeavour to forecast what provision it would be well to make in order 
to meet the full naval requirements of the British nation. His highly instructive work 
is divided into four parts, under the respective titles of * Our Seamen,* * Ships and 
Machinery,' 'Naval Eogineering,' and 'Miscellaneous,* which again aie carefully 
summarised in some flfty pages of eminently readable matter. The three chapters of 
miscellanea deal principally with the coal-endurance, engine-room complements, elec- 
tric lighting, and steam-steering machinery of Her Majesty's ships." — DaUy Telegraph 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



28 



Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



Professor H, H. WILSON, author of the '' Standard History of India. 

Glossary of Judicial Terms, including words from the Arabic, 
Persian, Hindustani, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Uriya, Marathi, 
Guzarathi, Telugu, Karnata, Tamil, Malayalam, and other languages. 
4to, cloth, 30s. 

Wynter's Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

Contents. 



The Buried Boman City in Britain. 

" Silvertown." 

Advertising. 

Vivisection. 

The New Hotel System. 

The Besloration of our Soil. 

Half-Hours at the Kensington Museum. 

Mudie's Circulating Library. 

Fraudulent Trade Markp. 

Superstition : Where does it End ? 

The New Counterblast to Tobacco. 

Air Traction, 

Illuminations. 

Boat-Building by Machinery. 

The Effects of Bailway Travelling upon 

Health. 
The Working-Men's Flower Show. 
Messages under the Sea. 
Town Telegraphs. 
The Bread We Eat. 



Early Warnings. 

Dining Rooms for the Working Classes. 

Bailway and City Population. 

A Day with the Coroner. 

The English in Paris. 

The Times Newspaper in 1798. 

The Under-Sea Railroad. 

Oh, the Boast Beef of Old England 

Physical Education. 

Advice by a Retired Physician. 

The Clerk of the Weather. 

Portsmouth Dockyard. 

Village Hospitals. 

Bailways, the Great Civilisers. 

On taking a House. 

Photographic Portraiture. 

Doctor's Stuff. 

Smallpox in London. 

Hospital Dress. 

Excursion Trains. 



" Altogether * Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers ' is about the pleasantest book of 
short collected papers of chit chat blending information with amusement, and not over- 
tasking the attention or the intelligence, that we have seen for a good while." — London 
Reader. 



LIEUT, G, /. YOUNGHUSBAND, Queen's Own Corps of Guides, 

Eighteen Hundred Miles in a Burmese Tat, through Burmah, Siam, 
"^ and the Eastern Shan States. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

** There is a good deal of jocular description in this book, which, as the reader will 
easily see, has been introduced with an eye rather to amusement than to accuracy; but 
after all the volume will have repaid the reader for the few hours which may be spent 
in its perusal if it conveys to him, as it is calculated to do, a fair impression of the 
difficulties which beset the wayfarer in a strange land who, when in search of the 
pleasures of travel, begins his journey where he should leave off, and ends it where he 
should have started."— uAtAe/wJBttm. 

''Mr Younghusband's account of his adventures is written simply and without 
exaggeration, but on the whole we think we would rather read about the Shan country 
than travel in SX.^' —Lii&rary World, 



For the Reduced Prices apfly to 



of Messrs W. H, Allen (s:^ Co.'^s Publications. 29 

Scfentfflc TKflotfts : f nclu&iuQ 3Botan», matural 

Ibtstotg, Sic. 

E. BOIVAVIA, M.D.y Brigade-Surgeon, Indian Medical Service. 

The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons of India and Ceylon. Demy 
8vo, with oblong Atlas Volume of Plates, 2 vols. 30s. 

R. BRAITHWAITE, M.D., F.L.S., b'c. 

The Sphagnacese, or Peat Mosses of Europe and North Amejfica. 
Illustrated with 29 Plates, coloured by hand. Imp. 8vo, 25s. 

'* All mnscolofirists will be delighted to hail the appearance of this important work. 
. . . Never before has our native moss-flora been so carefully figured and described, 
and that by an acknowledged authority on the subject." — Science Gossip. 

" Mosses, perhaps, receive about as little attention from botauists as any class of 
plants, and considering how admirably mosses lend themselves to the collector's: 
purposes, this is very remarkable. Something may be due to the minuteness of the 
size of many of the species, and something perhaps to the difflculties inherent in the< 
systematic treatment of these plants ; but we fancy the chief cause of comparative' 
neglect with which they are treated is to be sought in the want of a good illustrated*. 
English treatise upon them. In the work which is now before us, Dr Braithwaite aims: 
at placing the British mosses on the same vantage-ground as the more favoured classes: 
of the vegetable kingdom ; and judging from the Sample lately issued, he will succeed! 
in his endeavours." — Popular Science Review. 

B. CARRINGTON, M.D., F.R.S. 

British Hepaticse. Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Native 
Species of Jungermannia, Marchantia, and Anthoceros. Imp. 8vo, 
sewed, Parts i to 4, plain plates, 2s. 6d. each ; coloured plates, 
3s. 6d. each. 

M. C. COOKE, M.A.y LL.D. 

The British Fungi : A Plain and Easy Account of. With Coloured 
Plates of 40 Species. Fifth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
*' Mr Cooke writes for those whose education and means are limited, and with pre- 
eminent success. It is really a pleasure to read the manuals which l)e has published, 
for they are up to the mark, and so complete as to leave hardly anything to be desired. 
The new work on the fungi appears to be equally valuable with those which he has 
already printed. It contains descriptions of the esculent fungi, the manner in which 
they are prepared for the table, how to discriminate the nutritious from the poisonous 
specfes, details of the principles of their scientific classification, and a tabular arrange- 
ment of orders and genera." 

Handbook of British Hepaticse. Containing Descriptions and Figures 
of the Indigenous Species of Marchantia, Jungermannia, Riccia, and 
Anthoceros, Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

" It is very creditable to Mr Cooke that the drawings in his book are all sketchles 
from nature made by his own pencil. This shows work, and is more respectable than 
the too common practice of copying engravings from tne authorities in the particular 
branch of science. This little book is valuable, because in some respects it is certainly 
a good guide-book to a number of edible fungi unknown to the public." — Popular 
Science Review. 

"Probably no group in the British flora has received so little attention as the 
Hepaticffi. Dr M. C. Cooke has now filled up the gap by producing a * Handbook of 
the British Hepatlcffi,' containing full descriptions of all the species, about two hundred 
in number, known to inhabit the British Islands."— iVo^ure. 

M, C. Cook^s Books cotitinticd. 
Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



30 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 

M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D.— continued. 

Our Reptiles and Batrachians. A Plain and Easy Account of the 

Lizards, Snakes, Newts, Toads, Frogs, and Tortoises indigenous to 

Great Britain. New and Revised Edition. With orig^inal Coloured 

Pictures of every Species, and numerous Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

Contents. 
Beptiles and Snake-stones. The Blind Worm. The Oommon Froflr* 

The Common Lizard. The Common Snake. The Edible Frog. 

The Sand Lizard. The Smooth Snake. The Common Toad. 

The Oreen Lizard. The Viper, or Adder. Common Smooth Newt or 

The Natterjack. Great water Newt. Eft. 

Palmate Newt. Qray's Banded Newt. The Hawk's-BiU Turtle. 

The Leathery Turtle. Amphibia or Batrachians. Aiq)endix. 

'* Mr Cooke has especially distinguished himself as a student of the fungi and the 
fresh- water algss, his works on these orders being the standard treatises in English. 
He has also paid some attention to zoology and chemistry, his education in these as in 
other sciences being obtained by persistent self-instruction." — Celebriiies of the Century. 

Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould. An Introduction to the Study of 

Microscopic Fungi. Illustrated with 269 Coloured Figures by J. 

E. Sowerby. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with Appendix 

of New Species. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
Those of our readers who are the happy possessors of microscopes would welcome 
this book with delightj^as opening the way to a definite study of a most interesting 
branch of plant life. The minute fungi, hero so faithfully depicted by Mr Sowerby, 
and so carefully described by Dr Cooke, have not only beauty of form and colour, but 
wonderful life-histories. Every hedge or lane or piece of waste ground, even in the 
suburbs of large towns, will provide specimens, which may be easily preserved on the 
plants which uiey attack or mounted as microscope slides. 

Important to Botanists and Students of Natural History. 

European Fungi (Hymenomycetum) — Synoptical Key to. Cooke 
(M. C.) and Quelet (L., M.D., &c.) — Clavis Synoptica Hymenomy- 
cetum Europaeorum. Fcap. 8vo, 7s. 6d. ; or, interleaved with ruled 

paper, 8s. 6d. 
" Wiihout pretending to high scientific quality, the work throughout is well fitted to 
instruct and to attract a class of readers who might shrink from grappling with a 
scientific text-book."— iSSoturday Betnew. 

BARON CUVIER. 
The Animal Kingdom. With considerable Additions by W. B. 
Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., and J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. New 
Edition, Illustrated with 500 Engravings on Wood and 36 Coloured 
Plates. Imp. 8vo, 21s. 
J. HUNTER, late Hon. Sec. of the British Bee-keepers* Association. 

A Manual of Bee-keeping. Containing Practical Information for 
Rational and Profitable Methods of Bee Management. Full Instruc- 
tions on Stimulative Feeding, Ligurianising and Queen -raising, with 
descriptions of the American Comb Foundation, Sectional Supers, 
and the best Hives and Apiarian Appliances on all systems. Fourth 
Edition. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
'* We cordially recommend Mr Hunter's neat and compact Manual of Bee-keeping. 
Mr Eunter writes clearly and well." — Science Oossip. 

" We are indebted to Mr J. Hunter, Honorary Secretary of the British Bee-keepers* 
Association. His Manual of Bee-keeping, just published, is full to the very brim of 
choice and practical hints fully up to the most advanced stages of Apiarian Science, 
and its perusal has afforded us so much pleasure that we have drawn somewhat largely 
from it for the benefit of our readers." — Bee-keepers' Magazine (New York). 

^i^i^— ■■ 1—^—— ■ — ■ — « ■■ — ■-■■■ I . ■ 

jFor the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W, H, Allen &^ Co?s Publications, 31 



G, H, KINAHAN. 
A Haady Book of Rock Names. Fcap. 8vo, 4s. 

*' This will prove, we do not doubt, a very useful little book to all practical geoiogists, 
and also to the reading student of rocks. When a difficulty is incurred as to a 
species of deposit, it will soon vanish. Mr Einahan's little book will soon make it all 
clear. The work is divided into three parts. The first is a classified table of rocks, the 
second part treats of the /ngenite rocks, and the third part deals with those rocks wiiich 
are styled Derivate. Dana's termination of yte has been most generally used by the 
author, but he has also given the Ue terminations for those that like them. The book 
will be purchased, for it must be had, by every geologist ; and as its size is small, it will 
form a convenient pocket companion for the man who works over field and quarry." — 
Popular Science Review. 

Professor E. LANKESTER. 

The Uses of Animals in Relation to the Industry of Man. New 
Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 4s. 

Silk, Wool, Leather, Bone, Soap, Waste, Sponges, and Corals, Shell-fish, Insects, 
Furs, Feathers, Horns and Hair, and Animal Perfumes, are the subjects of the twelve 
lectures on " The Uses of Animals." 

" In his chapter on ' Waste,' the lecturer gives startling insight into the manifold 
uses of rubbish. . . . Dr Lankester finds a use for everything ; and he delights in 
analysing each fresh sample of rejected material, and stating how each of its com- 
ponent parts can be turned to the best account." — Ath&iuKXtm. 

Practical Physiology : A School Manual of Health. With numerous 
Woodcuts. Sixth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

Contents. 

Ck)nstitution of the Human Body. Breathing, or the Function of Respiia- 
Nature of the Food supplied to the Human tion. 

Body. The Structure and Functions of the 
Digestion, and the Organs by which it is Skin. 

performed. The Movements of the Human Body. 

Nature of Blood and its Circulation by the The Brain and Nerves. 

Heart. The Organs of the Senses. 

" Writing for schoolboys, Dr Lankester has been careful to consult their tastes. 
There are passages in this little work which will make it popular, and the instructor 
will probably be hailed by a name which is new to people of his class, that of a 
' regular brick.' "—Athenceum. 

MRS LANKESTER. 
Talks about Health : A Book for Boys and Girls. Being an Explana- 
tion of all the Processes by which Life is Sustained. Illustrated. 
Small 8vo, is. 

The Late EDWARD NEWMAN, F.Z.S. 

British Butterflies. With many Illustrations. Super royal 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
" The British butterflies have found a good friend in Mr Newman, who has given 
us a history of their lives— from larva to imago, their habits and their whereabouts — 
which is one of the most perfect things of the kind. And we are fl;iad to read the 
author's statement that his work has attained, while in progress, a sale that is almost 
unattainable in English scientific works. Firstly, the work consists of a series of 
notices to the young who may be disposed to go butterfly-hunting. And in them we 
find the author's great experience, and we commend this part of his work to our 
readers. The next part deals with the subjects of anatomy, physiology, and embryo- 
logy of the insects ; and finally we come to the separate account of each species. This 
latter is admirably given. First comes a capital engraving, life size, of the species, 
and then follows in order the life, history, time of appearance and locality, occupying 
from a page to a page and a half or two pages of a large quarto (or nearly so) volume. 
All this is done well, as we might expect from the author ; it is clear, intelligiUe, and 
devoid of much of the rubbish which abounds in books of this kind generally. We 
must conclude by expressing the hope that all who are interested in insects will make 
themselves aquaintea with the volume."— Popular Science Review, 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



^2 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



MARY A, PRATTEN. 

My Hundred Swiss Flowers. With a Short Account of Swiss Ferns. 
With 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, plain plates, 12s. 6d. ; coloured 
plates, 25s. 

"The temptation to produce such books as this seems irresistible. The author 
feels a want ; the want is undeniable. After more or less hesitation ho feels he can 
supply it. It is pleasantly written, and affords useful hints as to localities." — 

S. Z. PUMPHREY, 

A Littie Brown Pebble, with 10 full-page cuts. Fcap. 4to, 3s. 6d. 

*' In the story of ' A Little Brown Pebble,' its writer endeavours to introduce geo- 
logical science into the nursery, showing what strange creatures lived in the ancient 
seas, what monsters inhabited the primeval forests, and how our country alternated 
between torrid heats and an arctic cold. The accuracy of the information is guaran- 
teed by competent authorities, and the illustrations are spirited. There is no reason 
why the attempt should not succeed." — Acad^emy^ 21st December 1889. 

R, RIMMERy F.L.S, 

The Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles. Illus- 
trated with 10 Photographs and 3 Lithographs, containing figures of 
all the principal Species. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
*' This handsomely got up little volume supplies a long-felt want in a very ingenious 
and trustworthy manner. The aatbor is an enthasiastic conchologist, and writes 
both attractively and well, and in a manner so simple and natural that we have no 
fear that any ordinarily educated man will easily understand every phrase. But tibe 
feature of this book which strikes us most is that every species of British land and 
freshwater shell has been photographed, and here we have all the photographs, natunkl 
size in the albertype process, so that the merest tyro will find no difficulty in identi- 
fying any shell he may find.** — Science Review. 

/. SMITH, A.L.S, 

Ferns : British and Foreign. Fourth Edition, revised and greatly en- 
larged, with many illustrations. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

" Each genus is described, and the technical characters upon which it is founded 
are shown in the accompanying illustrations, and the indispensable technical terms 
are explained by examples. The meaning and derivations of the botanical names of 
ferns are also given in sufficient detail and with sufficient accuracy to meet the watito 
of anukteurs, if not of scholars. But perhaps the most valuable part of the work is that 
devoted to instruction in the cultivation of ferns, which occupies some seventy pages 
of the book. A bibliography of the subject and an excellent index make up the 
remainder of this useful volume, which we recommend to all persons desirous of know- 
ing something more about ferns than being able to recognise them by sight." — Field. 

** Mr Smim's work entitles him to admiration for his industry and for the manifest 
•care with which he has studied his subject ; and his present enlarged work will certainly 
become and be a standard library book of reference for all pteridologisto and orna- 
mental gardeners (whether professional or amateur) who devote attention to filiculture. 
And there really is no family of plante which is more elegant than are ferns. Indi- 
S^enous British ferns alone afford a most interesting scope.of research and collection." 
—Whitehall Review, 

"This is a new and enlarged edition of one of the best extant works on British 
;and foreign ferns which has been called for by the introduction, during the interval 
of ten years which has elapsed since the issue of the first edition, of a number of exotic 
species which have been collected and arranged under their respective genera and 
tribes as an appendix. There are thus introduced 234 entirely new species. The sixty 
pages devoted to a treatise on the cultivation of ferns are invaluable to the fern-grower, 
professional or amateur, describing the conditions under which ferns grow in their 
native country— knowledge which is essential to their really successful cultivation 
in this."— HuroZ World. 



For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W, H. Allen 6^ CoJs Publications, 33 



/. E. TAYLOR, KL.S., KG.S. 

Flowers: Their Origin, Shapes, Perfumes, and Colours, Illus- 
trated with 32 Coloured Figures b^ Sowerby, and 161 Woodcuts. 
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 7s. 6d. 

Contents 

The Old and New Philosophy of Flowers— The Geological Antiquity of Flowers 
and Insects— The Geographical Distribution of Flowers— The Structure of Flowering 
Plants — Relations between Flowers and their Physical Surroundings— Relations 
between Flowers and the Wind— The Colours of Flowers— The External Shapes of 
Flowers— The Internal Shapes of Flowers— The Perfumes of Flowers— Social Flowers 
— Birds and Flowers— The Natural Defences of Flowering Plants. 

** This is an altogether charming book, fuU of wisdom, cheerful, simple, attractive, 
and informed throughout wil^ a high purpose. Its object is to place within reach of 
the general public in an agreeable form tne results of the most recent and compre- 
henSve botanical research. The author is so bold as to ask why flowers were made, 
and is not without means to answer the question reverently and truthfully. He 
connects them by the aids that science supplies with the history of creation, and the 
records of the rocks, and with the history of man, and the progress of the agricultural 
and horticultural arts. He tells us how they are influenced by soil and climate, how 
changed and multiplied by insects and other agencies, how their seeds are blown 
about the world, ana how by innumerable divine appointments it at last comes about 
chat the life of a man is environed and beautified with flowers. The work is rich in 
the results of travel, and it happily connects the vegetable producte of the globe with 
the conditions that favour them and the wants they satisfy. It is therefore a book 
for all ages, and for botanists and gardeners, as well as for such as rather too gladly 
confess they know nothing about plants. We should like to see it on every 
family table in the whole length and breadth of the United Kingdom." — Gardeners' 
Magaaine. 

The Aquarium : Its Inhabitants, Structure, and Management. 

Second Edition, with 238 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

** Few men have done more to popularise the natural history science than the late 
Dr Taylor. The work before us, while intended as a handbook to public aquaria, is 
responsible for many attempts, successful and otherwise, at the construction of the 
domestic article. The book is replete with valuable information concerning persons 
and things, while the directions for making and managing aquaria are very clear aiid 
concise. The illustrations are numerous, suitable, and very good." — Schoolmaster. 

" The ichthyologist, be it known, is not such a fearful or horrific * sort of wild- 
fowl ' as his name would seem to argue him. The prevalence of the breed, the extent 
of its knowledge, the zeal of its enthusiasm, anc| l^e number of the aquaria it has 
built for itself in town or country, are all part and parcel of that ' march of science ' 
which took its impetus from Darwin and tne ' Origin of Species.' Those who do not 
already know that useful book, ' The Aquarium,' by Mr J. E. Taylor, Ph.D., F.L.S., 
&c., should procirrc this new edition (the sixth). It forms a convenient handbook or 
popular manual to our public aquaria. The aquarium, its inhabitants, its structure 
and its management, are the author's especial care And with the help of well-known 
works and a wide experience he has managed to put together a most praisewortny 
book." — Science Si/tings. 

Half- Hours in the Green Lanes. Illustrated with 300 Woodcuts. Fifth 
Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
"A book v.hich cannot fail to please the younpf, and from which many an older 
reader may glean here and there facts of interest in the field of nature. Mr Taylor 
has endeavoured to collect these facts which are to be recorded daily by an observant 
country gentleman with a taste for natural history ; and he has attempted to put them 
together in a clear and simple style, so that the young may not only acquire a love for 
the investigation of nature, but may also put up (by reading this little book) an im- 
portant store of knowledge. We think the author has succeeded in his object. He 
has made a very interesang little volume, not written above the heads of its readers 
as many of those books are, and he has taiken care to have most of his natural history 
observations very accurately illustrated." — Popular Science Review. 

J. E, Tay lot's Books continued. 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



34 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



J. E, TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S.— continued. 

Half- Hours at the Seaside. Illustrated with 250 Woodcuts. Fourth 

Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
** The love of natural history has now become so prevalent, at least among' purely 
Elnglish readers, that we hardly meet a family at the seaside one of whose members 
has not some little knowledge of the wonders of the deep. Now, of course, this love 
of marine zoology is being vastly increased by the existence of the valuable aquaria 
at the Crystal Falace and at Brighton. Still, however, notwithstanding the amount 
of admirable works on the subject, more especially the excellent treatises of Gosse 
and ochers, there was wanted a cheap form of book with good illustrations which 
should give a clear account of the ordinary creatures one meets with on the sands 
and in the rock pools. The want no longer exists, for the excellent little manual that 
now lies before us embraces all that could be desired by those who are entirely ignorant 
of the subject of seaside zoology, while its mode of arrangement and woodcuts, which 
are carefully drawn, combine to render it both attractive and useful."— PojmZar 
Science Review. 



IRt&tng, IDetertnaru, an& Sortculture* 

EDIVARD L. ANDERSON. 

How to Ride and School a Horse. With a System of Horse Gym- 
nastics. Fourth Edition. Revised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

*• He is well worthy of a hearing."— 5rf/'« Life. 

" Mr Anderson is, without donbt, a thorongh horseman." — The FieJd. 

'* It should be a good investment to all lovers of horses." — The Farmer. 

*' There is no veason why the careful reader should not be able, by the help of this 
little book, to train as well as ride his horses." — Land and Water. 

JAMES IRVINE L UPTON, F.R.C. V.S. 

The Horse, as he Was, as he Is, and as he Ought to Be. Illustrated. 
Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
" Written with a good object in view, namely, to create an interest in the im- 

Eortant subject of horse-breeding, more especially that class known as general utility 
orses. The book contains several illustrations, is well printed and handsomely 
bound, and we hope will meet with the attention it deserves." — Live Stock Journal. 

WILLIAM PROCTOR, Stud Groom. 

The Management and Treatment of the Horse in the Stable, Field, 
and on the Road. New and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

"There are few who are interested in horses will fail to profit by one 
portion or another of this useful work. Coming from a practical hand the 
work should recommend itself to the public." — Sportsman. 

" There is a fund of sound common-sense views in this work which will be 
interesting to many owners." — Field. 

GEORGE GRESSWELL. 

The Diseases and Disorders of the Ox. Second Edition. Demy 8vo, 

7s. 6d. 

" This is perhaps one of the best of the popular books on tbe subject which has been 
published in recent years, and demonstrates in a most unmistakable manner the great 
advance that has been made in Bovine and Ovine Pathology since tbe days of Touatt. 
. . . To medical men who desire to know something of the disorders of such an 
important animal — speaking hygienically — as the Ox, the work can be recommended." 
—The Lancet. 

** It is clear, concise, and practical, and would make a very convenient handbook of 
reference." — Saturday Review. 

For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W. If, Allefi c^ Co.^s Publications, 35 



PROFESSOR SHELDON, 

» 

The Future of British Ag^culture. How Farmers may best be 
• Benefited. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 

*' Fortunately Prof. Sheldon has no mind to play the park of a prophet, 
bufc from the plenitude of a long experience gives sage counsel how to farm 
abreast of the time and be ready for whatever may ensue. . . . This little 
book is well worth reading, and it is pleasant to find that the professor by 
no means despairs of the future of agriculture in England. " — Academy, 

**We welcome the book as a valuable contribution to our agricultural 
literature, and as a useful guide to those branches in which the author 
is especially qualified to instruct." — Nature, 

''In this beautifully printed and well-bound little book of 158 pp., 
, Professor Sheldon, in his usual happy style, surveys the agricultural field, 
and indicates what he thinks is the prospect in front of the British farmer. 
Like a watchman he stands upon his tower — and when asked. What of the 
night ? he disavows not that we are in the night, but earnestly declares that 
the morning cometh apace. The professor is an optimist ; he does not; believe 
that the country is done, and still less does he favour the idea that, taking a 
wide survey, the former days were better than these. On the contrary, he 
urges that the way out of the wilderness is not by any by-path, but by going 
right ahead ; and, ere long, the man who holds the banner high will emerge 
triumphant." — Scottish Farmer, 

JOHN WATSON, F,L,S, 

Ornithology in Relation to Agriculture and Horticulture, by various 
writers, edited by John Watson, F.L.S., &c. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. 

List op Contributors. — ^Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, late Consulting 
Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England ; O. V. Aplin, 
F.L.S., Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; Charles Whitehead, 
F.L.S., F.G.S., &c., author of "Fifty Years of Fruit Farming"; John 
Watson, F.L.S., author of ** A Handbook for Farmers and Small Holders"; 
the Rev. F. O. Morris, M. A., author of ** A History of British Birds" ; G. W. 
Murdoch, late e(titor of The Farmer; Riley Fortune, F.Z.S. ; T. H. Nelson, 
Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; T. Southwell, F.Z.S. ; Rev. 
Theo. Wood, B.A., F.LS. ; J. H. Gurney, jun., M.P. ; Harrison Weir, 
F.R.H.S. ; W. H. Tuck. 

" Will form a textbook of a reliable kind in guiding agriculturists at large 
in their dealings with their feathered friends and foes alike.'' — Glasgow 
Herald. 

" This is a valuable book, and should go far to fulfil its excellent purpose. 
... It is a book that every agriculturist should possess." — Land and 
Water. 

**It is well to know what birds do mischief and what birds are helpful. 
This book is the very manual to clear up all such doubts." — Yorkshire Post, 

**In these days of agricultural depression it behoves the former to study, 
among other subjects, ornithology. That he and the gamekeeper often bring 
down plasues upon the land when they fancy they are ridding it of a pest is 
exceedingly well illustrated in this series of papers." — Scotsman. 



Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad. 



36 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



5n&ia, Cbtna, Japan, an& tbe East. 

SURGEON-MAJOR L. A. WADDELL, M.B„ F.L.S,, F.R.G.S., 
Member of the Royal Asiatic Society y Anthropological Institute, 6^c. 

The Buddhism of Tibet, with its Mystic Cults, Symbolism, and Mytho- 
logy, and in its Relation to Indian Buddhism, with over 200 Illustra- 
tions. Demy 8vo, 31s. 6d. 

Synopsis of Comtisnts : — Introductory. Historical : Changes in Primitive Bud- 
dhism leading to Lamaism— Rise, Development, and Spread of Lamaism— The Sects of 
Lamaism. Doctrinal : Metaphysical Sources of the Doctrine— The Doctrine and its 
Morality— Scriptures and Literature. Monastic : The Order of Lamas— Daily Life and 
Routine — Hierarch> and Reincarnate Lamas. Buildings: Monasteries — Temples and 
Cathedrals— Shrines (and Relics and Pilgrims). Mythology and Gods: Pantheon and 
Imi^es— Sacred Symbols and Charms. Ritual and Sorcery: Worship and Ritual- 
Astrology and Divination— Sorcery and Necromancy. Festtvais and Plays : Festivals 
and Holidays— My Stic Plays and Masquerades and Sacred Plays. Popular Lamaism : 
Domestic and Popular Lamaism. Appendices : Chronolc^ical Table — Biblic^aphy — 
Index. 

'* By far the most important mass of original materials contributed to this recondite 
study."— TAe Times. 

" Dr Waddell deals with the whole subject in a most exhaustive manner, and gives 
a clear insight into the structure, prominent features, and cults of the system ; and to 
disentangle the early history of Lamaism from the chaotic growth of fable which has 
invested it, most of the chief internal movements of Lamaism are now for the first 
time presented in an intelligible and systematic form. The work is a valuable 
addition to the long series that have preceded it, and is enriched by numerous illus- 
trations, mostly from originals brought from Lhasa, and from photographs by the 
author, while it is fully indexed, and is provided with a chronological table and biblio- 
graphy."— Zyirerjwoi Courier. 

•* A book of exceptional interest."— G^^oa^row Herald. 

" A learned and elaborate work, likelj- for some time to come to be a source of 
reference for all who seek information about Liunaism. ... In the appendix will be 
found a chronological table of Tibetan events, land a bibliography of the best literature 
bearing on Lamaism. There is also an excellent index, and the numerous illustrations 
are certainly one of the distinctive features of the book."— If omin^ Post. 

** Cannot fail to arouse the liveliest interest. The author of this excellently pro- 
duced, handsomely illustrated volume of uearlv six hundred pages has evidently 
spared no pains in prosecuting his studies. . . . The book is one of exceptional value, 
and will attract all those readers who take an interest in the old religions of the far 
EoBt."— Publishers^ Circular. 



SIR EDWIN ARNOLD, M.A.y Author of The Light of Asia," ^st'c 

The Book of Good Counsels. Fables from the Sanscrit of the 
Hitopad^sa. With Illustrations by Gordon Browne. Autograph and 
Portrait. Crown 8vo, antique, gilt top, 5s. 

A few copies of the large paper Edition (limited to 100 copies), 
bound in white vellum, 25s. each net. 
" * The Book of Good Counsels,' by Sir £dwin Arnold, comes almost as a new book, 
so long has it been out of print. Now, in addition to being very tastefully and 
prettily reissued, it contains numerous illustrations by Mr Goidon Browne. As some 
few may remember, it is a book of Indian stories and poetical maxims from tbe 
Sanskrit of the Bitopad^a. The book is almost a volume of fairy tales, and may pass 
for that with the younger generation, but it is a little too heavily overlaid with philo- 
sophy to be dismissed wholly as such. In fact, like all that Sir Edwin Arnold has 
brought before us, it is full of curious fancies, and that it it a ( harming little bock to 
look at is its least merit."— Daily Graphic. 

For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W, H, Allen ^ Co,^s Publications, 37 



CAPTAIN JAMES ABBOTT, 

Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Khiva, Moscow, and St 

Petersburgh during the late Russian invasion at Khiva. With Map 

and Portrait. 2 vols. , demy 8vo, 24s. 

The real iaterest of the work coasiats in it<) store of spirited anecdote, its enter- 
talningr sketches of individual and national character, its g^raphio pictures of Eastern 
life and manners, its simply told tales of peril, privation, and suffering encountered and 
endured with a soldier's courage. Over the whole narrative, the naiveti and frank- 
ness of the writer cast a charm that far more than covers its oscasional eccentricities 
of style and language. It ha^ seldom fallen to our lot to read a more interesting 
narrative of personal adventure. Rarely, indeed, do we find an author whose 
constant presence, through almost the whole of two lai^e volumes, is not only 
tolerable, but welcome. Few readers wilt rise from a perusal of the narrative 
without a strong feeling of perjK)Qal sympathy and interest in the gallant Major ; even 
though here and there unable to repress a smile at some burst of ecstasy, some abrupt 
apostrophe, such as would never have been perpetrated by a practical writer, and a 
man of the world. 

SIR E, C. BAYLEY. 

Tlie Local Muhanunadan Dvnasties, Gujarat. Forming a Sequel 
to Sir H. M. Elliott's ''History of the Muhammadan Empire 
of India." Demy 8vo, 21s. 

"The value of the work consists in the light which it serves to throw upon die- 
puted dates and obscure transactions. As a work of reference it is doubtless useful. 
Regarding the way in which its learned translator and editor has acquitted himself 
of his task it is scarcely necessary to write ; a profound scholar and painstaking in- 
vestigator, his labours are unusually trustworthy, and the world of letters will doubt- 
less award him that meed of praise, which is rarely withheld from arduous and con- 
scientious toil, by assigning him, in death, a niche in the temple of fame, side by side 
witAi his venerated master. Sir Henry Elliott." — Academy. 

*' This book may be considered the first of a series designed rather as a supplement 
than complement to the ' History of India as Told by its own Historians.' Following 
the Preface, a necessarily brief biographical notice— wfitten in the kindly and appre- 
ciative spirit which ever characterises the style of the learned editor of Marco Polo, 
whose initials are scarcely needed to confirm his identity— explains how on Professor 
Dowson's death. Sir Edward Glive Bayley was induced to undertake an editorship for 
which he was eminently qualified by personal character and acquuntance with the 
originator of the project which constituted his raison d'etre. But the new editor did 
not live to see the actual publication of his first volume. Scarcely had he completed 
it for the press, when his career was bro'jght to a close. A singular fatality seems to 
have attended the several able men who have taken the leading part in preserving thiB 
particular monument of genuine history. Henry Elliott, John Dowson, Edward Clive 
Bayley, and more recently still (during the current year), Edward Thomas, the high- 
class numismatist, all have passed away, with hands upon the plough in the very field 
of Oriental research. Without asking to whose care the preparation of any future 
volumes may be entrusted, let us be thankful for the work, so far completed and— at 
this time especially — for the instalment which has Just appeared." — Athenaeum. 

SIR GEORGE BIRDWOOD, M.D. 

Report on the Old Records of the India Office, with Maps and 
* Illustrations. Royal 8vo, 12s. 6d. 

<' Those who are familiar with Sir Oeorge Birdwood's literary method will appreciate 
the interest and the wealth of historical illustration with which he invests these topics." 
—TirMi^ Feb. 26, 1891. 

*' Sir Q«orge Birdwood has performed a Herculean task in exploring, sorthig, and 
describing the masses of old India Office records, which Mr Danvers has now got into 
a state of admirable arrangement, so that, with the help of Sir George's Index, they 
may be readily and profltably consulted by students." — Scotsman. 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



38 



Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



E, BONA VIA y M.D.^ Brigade- Surgeon , Iftdtan Medical Service, 

The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons of India and Ceylon. Demy 

8vo, with Atlas of Plates, 30s. 

" The amonnt of labour and research that Dr Bonavla muBC have expended on these 
volumes would be very difQcult to estimate, and it is to be hoped that he will'be repaid, 
to some extent at least, by the recognition of bis work by those who are interested in 
promoting the internal Industries of India." — Home News. 

'* There can be no question that the author of this work has devoted much time and 
trouble to the study of the Citrus family in India. That the prep<iration of the book 
has been a labour of love is evident throughout its pages." — The Englishman. 



F. C. DANVERS, Registrar a fid Superintendent of Records ^ 

India Office^ London. 

Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on the Portu- 
guese Records relating to the East Indies, contained in the 
Archivo da Torre de Tombo, and the Public Libraries at Lisbon and 
Evora. Royal 8vo, sewed, 6s. net. 

" The whole book is full of important and interesting materials for the student 
alike of English and of Indian history.*' — Times. 

'* It is more than time that some attention was paid to the history of the Portuguese 
in India by Englishmen, and Mr Danvers is doing good service to India by his investi- 
gation into the Portuguese records." — India. 

" We are very grateful for it, especially with the gratitude which consists in a long- 
ing for more favours to come. The Secretary of State spends much money on worse 
things than continuing the efforts of which the book under review is only the first 
result." — Asiatic Quarterly Review. 

The visits of inspection into the records preserved in Portugal bearing on the 
history of European enterprise in Eastern seas, which were authorised by the Secretary 
of State for India in 1891 and 1892, have resulted in the production of a most interest- 
ing report, which shows that a vast store of historical papers has been carefully pre- 
served in that country, which deserves more thorough investigation. Mr Danvers, 
whose devotion to the duties of the Becord Department is well known, hastened to 
carry out his instructions, and his report fully attests the earnestness with which he 
pursued his task. The documents range in date from loOO to the present date, and 
contain clusters of documents numbering 12,465 and 5,274, and 1,783 in extent, besides 
many other deeply interesting batches of smaller bulk. It seems that no copies exist 
of most of these documents among oar own records, a fact which invests them with 
peculiar interest. 

GEORGE DOB SON. 

Russia's Railway Advance into Central Asia. Notes of a Journey 
from St Petersburg to Samarkand, Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 

" The letters themselves have been expanded and rewritten, and the work contains 
seven additional chapters, which bring the account of the Transcaspian Provinces 
down to the present time. Those of our readers who remember the original letters 
will need no further commendation of our correspondent's accuracy of information 
and graphic powers of description." — Times. * 

** Offers a valuable contribution to our knowledge of this region. The author 
journeyed from St Petersburg to Samarkand by the Bussian trains and steamers. 
He wonders, as so many have wondered before, why the break in the line of railway 
communication which is made by the Caspian Sea is allowed to continue. His book is 
eminently impartial, and he deals with the question of trade between India and Central 
Asia in a chapter full of the highest interest, both for the statesman and the British 
merchant." — Dailp Telegraph. 



For the Reduced Prices apply to 



\ 



of Messrs W, H, Allen 6^ Go's Publications. 39 



REV, A, J, D. D'ORSEY, B,D., K.C.y P.O.C. 

Portug^uese Discoveries, Dependencies, and Missions in Asia and 
Africa, with Maps. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 



Contents. 



Book I. 
Introductory. 

The Portuguese in Europe and Asia. 
Portugal and the Portuguese. 
Portuguese Discoveries in the Fifteenth 

Century. 
Portuguese Conquests of India in the 

Sixteenth Century. 
The Portuguese Empire in the Sixteenth 

Century. 

Book II. 

The Portuguese Missions in Southern 

India. 
Early History of the Church in India. 
First Meeting of the Portuguese with the 

Syrians. 
Pioneers of the Portuguese Missions. 
The Bise of the Jesuits. 
The Jesuits in Portugal. 
St Francis Xavier's Mission in India. 
Subsequent Missions in the Sixteenth 

Century. 

Book III. 

The Subjugation of the Syrian Church. 
Boman Claim of Supremacy. 
First Attempt, by the Franciscans. 
Second Attempt, by the Jesuits. 
The Struggle against Borne. 



Book III. — continued. 



The Archbishop of Goa, 
The Synod of Diamper. 
The Triumph of Bome. 

Book IV. 

Subsequent Missions in Southern India, 
with special reference to the Syrians. 

Badiation of Mission of Goa. 

The Madura Mission. 

Portuguese Missions in the Camatic. 

Syrian Christians in the Seventeenth 
Century. 

Syrian Christians in the Eighteenth 
Century. 

Book V. 

The Portuguese Missions, with special 

reference to Modern Missionary 

efforts in South India. 
The First Protestant Mission in South 

India. 
English Missions to the Syrians 1806-16. 
English Missions and the Syrian 

Christians. 
The Disruption and its Besults. 
Present State of the Syrian Christians. 
The Bevival of the Bomish Missions in 

India. 



GENERAL GORDON', C.B. 

Events in the Taeping Rebellion. Being Reprints of MSS. copied 
by General Gordon, C.B., in his own handwriting; with Monograph, 
Introduction, and Notes. By A. Egmont Hake, author of "The 
Story of Chinese Gordon." With Portrait and Map. Demy 8vo, i8s. 

'* A valuable and graphic contribution to our knowledge of affairs in China at the 
most critical period of its history."— Xeecfe Mercury. 

" Mr Hake has prefixed a vivid sketch of Gordon's career as a ' leader of men,* 
which shows insight and grasp of character. The style is perhaps somewhat too 
emphatic and ejaculatory — one seems to hear echoes of Hugo, and a strain of Mr 
Walter Besant — but the spirit is excellent." — AtlMnsenim. 

" Without wearying his readers by describing at length events which are as 
familiar in our mouths as household words, he contents himself with giving a light 
sketch of them, and fills in the picture with a personal narrative which to most people 
will be entirely new." — Saturday Review. 



F. V. GREENE y Military Attache to the U.S. Legation 

at St Petersburg. 

Sketches of Army Life in Russia. Crown 8vo, 9s. 



Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



40 



Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



M. GRIFFITH, 

India's Princes. Short Life Sketches of the Native Rulers of India, 
with 47 Portraits and Illustrations. Demy 4to, gilt top, 21s. 

List of Portraits. 



Thb Punjaub. 
H.H. the Maharaja of Oashmere. 
H.H. the Maharaja of Patiala. 
H.H. the Maharaja of Kapurthalla. 

Bajputana. 
The Maharaja of Oudipar. 
The Maharaja of Jeypore. 
The Maharaja of Jodhpur. 
The Maharaja of TJlware. 
The Maharaja of Bhnrtpar. 

Okntral India. 
H.H. the Maharaja Holkar of Indore. 
H.H. the Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior. 
H.H. the Begnm of BbopaJ. 



The Bombay Pbbstdbncy. 
H.H. the Oaikwar of Baroda. 
H.H. the Bao of Cutch. 
H.H. the Baja Eolhapnr. 
H.H. the Nawab of Junagarh. 
H.H. the Thakore Sahib of Bhavnagar. 
H.H. the Thakore Sahib of Dbaagadra. 
H.H. the Thakore Sahib of Morvi. 
H.H. the Thakore Sahib of Gondal. 

SouTHEBN India. 
H.H. the Nizam of Hyderabad. 
H.H. the Maharaja of Mysore. 
H.H. the Maharaja of Travancore. 



*'A handsome yolume oontalnlng a series of photoeraphlo portraits and looal 
views with acoompanyiiig letterpress, giving Mograpnlcal and political details, 
carefully compilea and attractively presented."— Tim««. 

C. HAMILTON. 

Hedaya or Guide. A Commentary on the Mussulman Laws. Second 
Edition. With Prefece and Index by S. G. Grady. 8vo, 35s. 

" A work of very high authority in all Moslem countries. It discusses most of the 
subjects mentioned in the Koran and Sonna.'* — Mill's Muhammadanism. 

The great Law-Book of India, and one of the most important monuments of MnsBul- 
man legislation in existence. 

" A valuable work."— Allibonb. 

Synopsis of Contents. 



Of Zakat. 

Of Nikkah or Marriage. 

Of Rizza or Fosterage. 

Of Talak or Divorce. 

Of Ittak or the Manumission of Slaves. 

Of Eiman or Vows. 

Of Hoodood or Punishment. 

Of Saraka or Larceny. 

Of Al Seyir or the Institutes. 

Of the Law respecting Lakects or Found- 
lings. 

Of Looktas or Troves. 

Of Ibbak or the Absconding of Slaves. 

Of Mafkoods or Missing Persons. 

Of Shirkat or Partnership. 

Of Wakf or Appropriations. 

Of Sale. 

Of Serf Sale. 

Of Eafalit or Bail. 

Of Hawalit or the Transfer of the Eazee. 

Of the Duties of the Eazee. 

Of Shahadit or Evidence. 

Of Retractation of Evidence. 

Of Agency. 

Of Dawee or Claim. 

Of Ikrar or Acknowledge. 

Of Soolh or Composition. 

Of Mozaribat or Co-partnership in the 
Profits of Stock and Labour. 



Of Widda or Deposits. 

Of Areeat or Loans. 

Of Hibba or Gifts. 

Of Ijaro or Hire. 

Of Mokatibes. 

Of WiUa. 

Of Ikrah or Compulsion. 

Of Hijr or Inhibition. 

Of Mazoons or Licensed Slaves. 

Of Ghazb or Usurpation. 

Of Shaffa. 

Of Eissmat or Partition. 

Of Mozarea or Compacts of Cultivation. 

Of Mosakat or Compacts of Gardening. 

Of Zabbah or the Slaying of Animals for 

Food. 
Of Uzheea or Sacrifice. 
Of Eiraheeat or Abominations. 
Of the Cultivation of Waste Lands. 
Of Prohibited Liquors. 
Of Hunting, 
or Bahn or Pawns. 

Of Janayat or Offences against the Person. 
Of Deeayat or Fines. 
Of Mawakil or the Levying of Fines. 
Of Wasaya or Wills. 
Of Hermaphrodites. 



^ 



For the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W, H, Allen 6^ Co.^s Publications, 41 



HOWARD HENSMAN, Special Correspondent of the ''Pioneer'' 
{Allahabad) and the ** Daily News " {London^ 

The Afg^haa War, 1879-80. Being a complete Narrative of the Capture 
of Cabul, the Siege of Sherpur, the Battle of Ahmed Khel, the March 
to Candahar, and the defeat of Ayub Khan. With Maps. Demy 8vo, 
21S. 
" Sir Frederick Roberts says of the letters here published in a collected form that 
* nothing could be more accurate or graphic/ As to accuracy no one can be a more 
'Competent judge than Sir Frederick, and his testimony stamps the book before us as 
constituting especially trustworthy material for history. Of much that he relates Mr 
Hensmui was an eye-witness; of the rest he was informed by eye-witnesses immedi- 
ately after the occurrence of the events recorded. We are assured by Sir Frederick 
Boberts that Mr Hensman's accuracy i s complete in all respects. Mr Hensman enjoyed 
singular advantages during the first part of the war, for he was the only special corre- 
spondent who accompanied the force which marched out of Ali Eheyl in September 
1879. One of the' most interesting portions of the book is that which describes the 
march of Sir Frederick Uoberts from Cabul to Candahar. Indeed, the book is in 
every respect interesting and well written, and reflects the greatest credit on the 
author." — Athmceum. 

Sir H, HUNTER. 
A Statistical Account of Beng^al. 20 vols. Demy Svo, £(>, 

1. Twenty.four Parganas and SunUar- 7. Meldah, Bangpur, Dinajpnr. 

bans. 8. Bajshahf and Bogra. 

2. Nadiya and Jessor. 9. Murshidabad and Pabna. 

3. Midnapur, Hugli, and Honrah. 10. Darjiling, Jalpaigurf, and Entch 

4. Bardwan. Birbhum, and Bankhura. Sehar State. 

5. Dacca, Bakar,(anj, Faridpur, and 11. Patnaand Saran. 

Maimansinh. 12. Gaya and Shahabad. 

6. Cbittagong Hill Tracts, Chittagong, 13. Tirhut and Champaran. 

Noakhali, Tipperah, and Hill 14. Bhagalpur and Santal Parganas. 
Tipperah State. 15. Monghyr and Pumiah. 

Bengal MS. Records, a selected list of Letters in the Board of Revenue, 
Calcutta, 17S2-1807, with an Historical Dissertation and Analytical 
Index. "4 vols. Demy 8vo, 30s. 
" This is one of the small class of original works that compel a reconsideration of 
views which have been long accepted and which have passed into the current history 
of the period to which they refer. Sir William Wilson Hunter's exhaustive examination 
of the actual state of the various landed classes of Bengal during the last century 
renders impossible the further acceptance of these hitherto almost indisputable dic^a 
of Indian history. The chief materials for that examination have been the contem- 
porary MS. records preserved in the Board of Bevenue, Calcutta, of which Sir William 
Hunter gives a list of 14,136 letters dealing with the period from 1782 to 1807. Nothing 
could be more impartial than the spirit in which ne deals with the great questions 
Involved. He makes the actual facts, as recorded by these letters, written at the 
time, spee^ for themselves. But those who desire to learn how that system grew out 
of the pre-existing land rights and land usages of the province will find a clear and 
authoritative explanation. If these four volumes stooa alone they would place their 
author in the first rank of scientific historians ; that is, of the extremely limited 
class of historians who write from original MSS. and records. .But they do not stand 
alone. They are the naturaJ continuation of the author's researches, nearly a genera- 
tion ago, among the District Archives of Bengal, which produced his * Annals of 
Bnral Bengal ' in 1868 and his ' Orissa' in 1872. They are also the first-fruits of that 
comprehensive history of India on which he has been engi^ed for the last twenty yean, 
for which he has collected in each province of India an accumulation of tested local 
materials such as has never before been brought together in the hands, and by the 
labours, of any worker in the same stupendous field, and which, when completed, will 
be the fitting crown of his lifelong services to India. These volumes are indeed an 
important instalment towards the projected vnaanwok opus ; and in this connection 
it is of good augury to observe that they maintain their author's reputation for that 
fulness and minuteness of knowledge, that gras]) of principles and philosophio insight, 
and that fertility and charm of literary expression which give Sir William Htmter his 
unique place among the writers of his day on India."— TA« Times, 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad. 



42 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



I 



BEV. T. P, HUGHES. 

A Dictionary of Islam, being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites^ 
Ceremonies, and Customs, together with the Technical and Theological 
Terms of the Muhammadan Religion. With numerous Illustrations. 
Royal 8vo, £2 2s. 
" Such a work as this has. long been needed, and it would' be bard to find 
any one better qualified to prepare it than Mr Hughes. His * Notes on 
Mnhammadanism,' of which two editions have appeared, have proved de- 
cidedly useful to students of Islam, especially in India, and his long familiarity 
with the tenets and customs of Moslems has placed him in the best possible 
position for deciding what is necessary and what superfluous in a * Dictionary 
of Islam.' His usual method is to begin an article with the text in the 
Koran relating to the subject, then to add the traditions bearing upon it, and 
to conclude with the comments of the Mohammedan scholiast and the 
criticisms of Western scholars. Such a method, while involving an infinity of 
labour, produces the best results in point of accuracy and comprehensiveness. 
The difficult task of compiling a dictionary of so vast a subject as Islam, with 
its many sects, its saints, khalifs, ascetics, and dervishes, its festivals, rit^ial, 
and sacred places, the dress, manners, and customs of its professors, its com- 
mentators, technical terms, science of tradition and interpretation, its super- 
stitions, magic, and astrology, its theoretical doctrines and actual practices, 
has been accomplished with singular success ; and the dictionary will have its 
place among the standard works of reference in every library that professes 
to take account of the religion which governs the lives of forty millions of 
the Queen's subjects. The articles on 'Marriage,' * Women,' * Wives,' 

* Slavery,' * Tradition,' *Sufi,' * Muhammad,' *Da'wah' or Incantation, 

* Burial,' and * God,' are especially admirable. Two articles deserve special 
notice. One is an elaborate account of Arabic * Writing ' by Dr Steingass, 
which contains a vast quantity of useful matter, and is well illustrated by 
woodcuts of the chief varieties of Arabic script. The other article to which 
we refer with special emphasis is Mr F. Pincott on * Sikhism.' There is some- 
thing on nearl every page of the dictionary that will interest and instruct 
the students of Eastern religion, manners, and customs." — Athenmuvn. 

Dictionary of Muhammadan Theology. 
Notes on Muhammadanism. By Rev. T. P. Hughes. Third Edition, 
revised and enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 

^'Altogether an admirable little book. It combines two excellent quali- 
ties, abundance of facts and lack of theories. . . . On every one of the 
numerous heads (over fifty) into which the book is divided, Mr Hughes 
furnishes a large amount of very valuable information, which it would be 
exceedingly ditficult to collect from even a large library of works on the 
subject. The book might well be called a 'Dictionary of Muhammadan 
Theology,' for we know of no English work which combines a methodical 
arrangement (and consequently facility of reference) with fulness of informa- 
tion in so high a degree as the little volume before us." — The Academy. 

" It contains multum in parvo, and is about the best outline of the 
tenets of the Muslim faith which we have seen. It has, moreover, the rare 
merit of being accurate ; and, although it contains a few passages which we 
would gladly see expunged, it cannot fail to be useful to all Government 
employes who have to deal with Muhammadans ; whilst to missionaries it 
will be invaluable." — Tfie Times of India, 

" The main object of the work is to reveal the real and practical character 
of the Islam faith, and in this the author has evidently been successful." — 
The Standard. 



j J^or the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W. H. Allen 6^ Go's Publications, 43 



MRS GRACE JOHNSON, Silver Medallist, Cookery Exhibition. 
Anglo-Indian and Oriental Cookery. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 

H. G. KEENE, CLE., B.CS., M.R.A.S., 6-<r. 
History of India. From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. For 
the use of Students and Colleges. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, with Maps, 
1 6s. 

<' The main merit of Mr Eeene*s performance lies In the fact that he has assimilated 
all the authorities, and has been careful to bring his ^book down to date. He has been 
careful in research, and has availed himself of the most recent materials. He is well 
known as the author of other works on Indian history, and his capacity for his self- 
imposed task will not be questioned. We must content ourselves with this brief testi- 
mony to the labour and skill bestowed by him upon a subject of vast interest and 
importance. Excellent proportion is preserved in dealinfr with the various episodes, 
and the style is clear and graphic. The volumes are supplied with many useful maps, 
and the appendix include notes on Indian law and on recent books about India." — 
QloU. 

*'Mr Eeene has the admirable element of fairness in dealing with the succession of 
great questions that pass over his pages, and he wisely devotes a full half of his work 
to the present century. The appearance of such a book, and of every such book, upon 
India is to be hailed at present. A fair-minded presentment of Indian history like that 
contained in Mr Keeue's two volumes is at this moment peculiarly welcome." — Times. 

"■ In this admirably clear and comprehensive account of the rise and consolidation 
of our great Indian Empire, Mr Eeene has endeavoured to give, without prolixity, ' a 
statement of the relevant facts at present available, both in regard to the origin of the 
more important Indian races and in regard to their progress before they came under 
the unifying processes of modem administration.' To this undertaking is, of course, 
added the completion of the story of the ' unprecedented series of events ' which have 
led to the amalgamation of the various Indian tribes or nationalities under one rule. 
In theory, at least, there is finality in history. Mr Eeene traces the ancient Indian 
races from their earliest known ancestors and the effect of the Aryan settlement. He 
marks the rise of Buddhism and the great Muslim Conquest, the end of the Pathans, 
and the advent of the Empire of the Mughals. In rapid succession he reviews the 
Hindu revival, the initial establishment of English Influence, and the destruction of 
French power. The author records the policy of Cornwallis, the wars of Wellesley, 
and the Administration of Minto— the most important features in Indian history before 
the establishment of British supremacy. It is a brilliant record of British prowess and 
ability of governing inferior races that Mr Eeene has to place before his readers. We 
have won and held India by the sword, and the policy of the men we send out year by 
year to assist in its administration is largely based on that principle. The history of 
the land, of our occupation, and our sojourning, so ably set forth in these pages, is 
inseparable from that one essential fa.cV— Morning Post. 

An Oriental Biographical Dictionary. Founded on materials collected 
by the late Thomas William Beale. New Edition, revised and en- 
larged. Royal 8vo, 28s. 
*^A complete biographical dictionary for a country like India, which in its long 
history has produced a profusion of great men, would be a vast undertaking. The 
suggestion here made only indicates the line on which the dictionary, at some future 
time, could be almost indefinitely extended, and rendered still more valuable as a work 
of reference. Great care has evidently been taken to secure the accuracy of all that 
has been included in the work, and that is of far more importance than mere bulk. 
The dictionary can be commended as trustworthy, and reflects much credit on Mr 
Keene. Several interesting lists of rulers are given under the various founders of 
dynasties." — India. 

The Fall of the Moghul Empire. From the Death of Aurungzeb to 
the Overthrow of the Mahratta Power. A New Edition, with Correc- 
tions and Additions. With Map. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
This work fills up a blank between the ending of Elphinstone's and the commence- 

inent of Thornton's Histories. 

Fifty-Seven. Some Account of the Administration of Indian Districts 
during the Revolt of the Bengal Army. Demy Svo, 6s. 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



44 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



G. B. MALLESON. 

History of the French in India. PVom the Founding of Pondicherry 
in 1674, to the Capture of that place in 1761. New and Revised 
Edition, with Maps. Demy 8vo, 1 6s. 

" Colonel Malleson has produced a volume alike attractive to the general reader and 
valuable for its new matter to the special student. It is not too much to say that now, 
for the first time, we are furnished with a faithful narrative of that portion of European 
enterprise in India which turns upon the contest waged by the East India Company 
againRt French influence, and especially against Dupleix." — Edinburgh Review. 

" It is pleaiant to contrast the work now before us with the writer's first bold plunge 
into historical composition, which splashed every one within his reach. He swims now 
wiUi a steady stroke, and there is no fear of his sinking. With a keener insight into 
human character, and a larger understanding of the sources of human action, he com- 
bines all the power of animated recital which invested his earlier narratives with 
popularity."— /V)ftniflfA//y Review. 

"The author has had the advantage of consulting French Archives, and his volume 
forms a useful supplement to Orme." — AtJienanim. 

Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas. New 

Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

** How India escaped from the government of prefects and sub-prefects to 
fall under that of Commissioners and Deputy -Commissioners ; why the Penal 
Code of Lord Macaulay reigns supreme instead of a Code Napoleon ; why we 
are not looking on helplessly from IVIahe, Karikal, and Pondicherry, while the 
French are ruling all over Madras, and spending millions of francs in attempt- 
ing to cultivate the slopes of the Neilgherries, maybe learnt from this modest 
volume. Colonel Malleson is always painstaking, and generally accurate ; his 
style is transparent, and he never loses sight of the purpose with which he 
commenced to write." — Saturday Review. 

'* A book dealing with such a period of our histor}' in the East, besides 
being interesting, contains many lessons. It is written in a style that will be 
popular with general readers." — Aihenceum. 

History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the 
War of 1878. With map. Demy 8vo, i8s. 
*'The name of Colonel Malleson on the title-page of any historical work in 
relation to India or the neighbouring States, is a satisfactory guarantee both 
for the accuracy of the facts and the brilliancy of the narrative. The author 
may be complimented upon having written a History of Afghanistan which 
is likely to become a work of standard authority." — Scotsman. 

The Battlefields of Germany, from the Outbreak of the Thirty Years' 
War to the Battle of Blenheim. With Maps and i Plan. Demy 8vo, 
1 6s. 
** Colonel Malleson has shown a grasp of his subject, and a power of 
vivifying the confused passages of battle, in which it would be impossible to 
name any living writer as his equal. In imbuing these almost forgotten 
battlefields with fresh interest and reality for the English reader, he is re- 
opening one of the most important chapters of European history, which no 
previous English writer has made so interesting and instructive as he has 
succeeded in doing in this volume." — Academy. 

Ambushes and Surprises, being a Description of some of the most famous 
instances of the Leading into Ambush and the Surprises of Armies, 
from the time of Hannilwil to the period of the Indian Mutiny. With a 
portrait of General Lord Mark Ker, K.C.B. Demy 8vo, i8s. 

J^or the Reduced Prices apply to 



of Messrs W, H. Allen 6^ Co,^s Publications, 45 



MRS MANNING, 

Ancient and Mediaeval India. Being the History, Religion, Laws, 
Caste, Manners and Customs, Language, Literature, Poetry, Philo- 
sophy, Astronomy, Algebra, Medicine, Architecture, Manufactures, 
Commerce, &c., of the Hindus, taken from their Writings. With 
Illustrations. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 30s. 

/. MORRISy Author of '' The War in Korea,'' 6-r., thirteen years 
resident in Tokio under the Japanese Board of Works, 

Advance Japan. A Nation Thoroughly in Earnest. With over icx> 

Illustrations by R. Isayama, and of Photographs lent by the Japanese 

Legation. 8vo, 12s. 6d. 

" Ib really a remarkably complete accouat of the land, the people, and the institu- 

tions of Japan, with chapters that deal with matters of snch living interest as its 

growing industries and armaments, and the origin, incidents, and probable outcome 

of the war with China. The volume is illustrated by a Japanese artist of repute; it 

has a number of useful statistical appendices, and it is dedicated to His Majesty the 

Mikado. "—Scotamav. 

DEPUTY SURGEON-GENERAL C, T. FASK'E, late of the Bengal 

Army, and Edited by F. G. AFLALO. 

Life and Travel in Lower Burmah, with frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

*'In dealing with life in Burmah we are given a pleasant insight into 
Eastern life ; and to those interested in India and our other Eastern 
possessions, the opinions Mr Paske offers and the suggestions he makes will 
oe delightful reading. Mr Paske has adopted a very light style of writing in 
*Myamma,^ which lends an additional charm to the short historical-cum- 
geographical sketch, and both the writer and the editor are to be commended 
for the production of a really attractive book." — Public Opinion, 

ALEXANDER ROGERS, Bombay Civil Service Retired. 

The Land Revenue of Bombay. A History of its Administration, 
Rise, and Progress. 2 vols, with 18 Maps. Demy 8vo, 30s. 

"These two volumes are full of valuable information not only on the Land Revenue, 
but on the general condition and state of cultivation in all parts of the Bombay Pre- 
sidency. £ach collectorate is described separately, and an excellent map of each is 
given, showing the divisional headquarters, market-towns, trade centres, places of 
pilgrimage, travellers, bungalows, municipalities, hospitals, schools, post offices, 
telegraphs, railways, it,(i" —mirror of British Museum. 

*' Mr Rogers has produced a continuous and an authoritative record of the land 
changes and of the fortunes of the cultivating classes for a full half-century, together 
with valuable data regarding the condition and burdens of those classes at various 
periods before the present system of settlement was introduced. Mr Rogers now 
presents a comprehensive view of the land administration of Bombay as a whole, the 
history of its rise and progress, and a clear statement of the results which it has 
attained. It is a narrative of which all patriotic Englishmen may feel proud. The old 
brmlens of native rule have been lightened, the old injustices mitigated, the old fiscal 
cruelties and exactions abolished. Underlying the story of each district we see a per- 
ennial struggle going on between the increase of the population and the available 
means of subsistence derived from the soil. That increase of the population is the 
direct result of the peace of the country under British rule. But it tends to press 
more and more severely on the possible limits of local cultivation, and it can only be 
provided for by the extension of the modem appliances of production and distribu- 
tion. Mr Rogers very properly confines himself to his own subject. But there is 
ample evidence that the extension of roads, railways, steam factories, and other 
industrial enterprises, have played an important part in the solution of |the problem, 
and that during recent years such enterprises have been powerfully aided by an 
abundant currency."— rA« Times. 

Any Bookseller at Home and Abroad, 



46 Great Reductions in this Catalogue 



G. P, SANDERSON, Officer in Charge of the Government 

Elephant Keddahs. 

Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India; their Haunts 
and Habits, from Personal Observation. With an account of the 
Modes of Capturing and Taming Wild Elephants. With 21 full-page 
Illustrations, Reproduced for this Edition direct from the original 

drawings, and 3 Maps. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 4to, 12s. 

" We find it difBcnlt to hasten through this interesting Dook; on almost every pa^e 
some incident or some happy descriptive passage tempts the reader to linger. The 
author relates his exploits with ability and with singular modesty. His adventures 
with man-eaters will afford lively entertainment to the reader, and indeed there is no 
portion of the volume which he is likely to wish shorter. The illustrations add to tlie 
attractions of the book." — PcAl Mall Gazette, 

"This is the best and most practical book on the wild game of Southern and 
Eastern India that we have read, and displays an extensive acquaintance with natural 
history. To the traveller proposing to visit India, whether he be a sportsman, a 
naturalist, or an antiquarian, the book will be invaluable: full of incident and sparkling 
with anecdote." — Bailep^s Magazine. 

ROBERT SEWELL, Madras Civil Service. 

Analytical History of India. From the Earliest Times to the Aboli- 
tion of the East India Company in 1858. Post 8vo, 8s. 
"Much labour has been expended on this work." — AtKefnaewm. 

EDWARD THORNTON 

A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Govemment of the Vice- 
roy of India. New Edition, Edited and Revised by Sir Roper 
T^thbridge, C. I. E. , late Press Commissioner in India, and Arthur N. 
Wollaston, H.M. Indian (Home) Civil Service, Translator of the 
** Anwar-i-Suhaili." In one volume, 8vo, 1,000 pages, 28s. 

Hunter's "Imperial Gazetteer" has been prepared, which is not only much 
more ample than its predecessor, but is further to be greatly enlarged in the New 
Eklition now in course of production. In these circumstances it has been thought 
incumbent, when issuing a New Edition of Thornton's "Gazetteer" corrected up to 
date, to modify in some measure the plan of the work by omitting much of the 
detail and giving only such leading facta and figures as will suffice for ordinary pur- 
poses of reference, a plan which has the additional advantage of reducing the worlc to 
one moderate-sized volume. 

It is obvious that the value of the New Edition must depend in a large measure 
upon the care and judgment which have been exercised in the preparation of tiie 
letterpress. The task was, in the first instance, undertaken by Mr Roper Lethbridge, 
whose literary attainments and acquaintance with India seemed to qualify him to a 
marked degree for an undertaking demanding considerable knowledge and experience. 
But in order further to render the work as complete and perfect as possible, the 
publishers deemed it prudent to subject the pages to the scrutiny of a second Editor, 
n the person of Mr Arthur Wollaston, whose lengthened service m the Indian Branch 
of the Civil Service of this country, coupled with his wide acqliaintance with Oriental 
History, gives to his criticism an unusual degree of weight and importance. The 
joint names which appear on the titie-page will, it is hoped, serve as a guarantee to 
the public that the "Gazetteer" is in the main accurate and trustworthy, free alike 
from sins of omission and commission. It will be found to contain the names of many 
hundreds of places not included in any former edition, while the areas and popula- 
tions tukve been revised by the data given in the Census Report of 1881. 

*^* The chief objects in view in compiling this Gazetteer are: — 

Ist. To fix the relative position of the various cities, towns, and villages with as 
much precision as possible, and to exhibit with the greatest practicable brevity all 
that is known respecting them ; and 

2ndly. To note the various countries, provinces, or territorial divisions, and to 
describe the physical characteristics of each, together with their statistical, social, 
and political circumstances. 



For the Reduced Prices apply to 



*■ 





of Messrs W, H. Allen &^ Coh Publications, 47 



DR C. EDWARD SACHAU. 

Ath&r-Ul-BAkiya of Albiruni: The Chronology of Ancient Nations, 

an English Version of the Arabic Text Translated and Edited with 

Notes and Index. Imp. 8vo (480 pp.), 42s. 
A book of extraordinary erudition compiled in a.d. 1000. 

A.J. WALL. 
Indian Snake Poisons : Their Nature and Effects. Crown 8vo, 6s. 

Contents. 

The Physiological Effects of the Poison of the Cobra (Kaja Trlpadlans).— The Physio- 
logical Effects of the Poison of Busseirs Viper (Daboia Bussellii).— The Physiological 
Effects produced by the Poison of the Bungams Fasciatus and the Bungarns OoeruTeus. 
— ^The Belative Power and Properties of the Poisons of Indian and other Venomous 
Snakes.— The Nature of Snake Poisons. — Some practical considerations connected with 
the subject of Snake-Poisoning, especially reganiing Prevention and Tr«>atment. — The 
object that has been kept in view, has been to define as closely as possible the condi- 
tions on which the mortality from Snake-bite depends, both as regards the physio- 
logical nature of the poisoning process, and the relations between the reptiles and their 
victims, so as to indicate the way in which we should best proceed with the hope of 
diminishing the fearful mortality that exists. 

S. WELLS WILLIAMS, LL.D., Professor of the Chinese 
Language ajid Literature at Yale College. 
China— The Middle Kingdom. A Survey of the Geography, Govern- 
ment, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese. 
Empire and its Inhabitants. Revised Edition, with 74 Illustrations 
and a New Map of the Empire. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, 42s. 
" Williams' * Middle Kingdom ' remains imri vailed as the most full and accurate 
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that has ever been given to the public. Its minuteness and thoroughness are beyond 
all praise." — North American Review. 

** The standard work on the subject." — Olobe. 

PROFESSOR H. H. WILSON, 
Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms, including words from 

the Arabic, Teluga, Karnata, Tamil, Persian, Hindustani, Sanskrit, 

Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Guzarathi, Malayalam, and other languages. 

4to, 30s. 
''It was the distinguishing characteristic of our late director that he con- 
sidered nothing unworthy of his labours that was calculated to be useful, and 
was never influenced in his undertakings by the mere desire of acquiring 
distinction or increasing his fame. Many of his works exhibit powers of 
illustration and close reasoning, which will place their author in a high 
position among the literary men of the age. But it is as a man of deep 
research and as a Sanskrit scholar and Orientalist, as the successor of Sir Wm. 
Jones and H. T. Colebrookc, the worthy wearer of their mantles and inheritor 
of the pre-eminence they enjoyed in this particular department of literature, 
that bis name will especially live among the eminent men of learning of his 
age and country."— H. T. Prinsep. 

"A work every page of which teems with information that no other 
scholar ever has or could have placed before the public. . . . The work 
must ever hold a foremost place not only in the history of India but in that of 
the human race." — Edinburgh Review. 

LIEUT. G. J. YOUNGHUSBAND, Queen's Own Corps of Guides. 
Eighteen Hundred Miles in a Burmese Tat, through Burmah, Siam, 

and the Eastern Shan States. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 5s. 

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